Education Governance in Bangladesh Essay

This traditional thinking of education as the ticket to the good life emerges in different ways and degrees in Bangladesh. Education is seen as something that is received rather than achieved and it has increasingly become dependent on certificates. Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. The Government of Bangladesh places great importance on education and in this regard the Government has been trying to transform its huge population into human resource. Education for All (EFA) is the constitutional responsibility of the government. The constitution affirms equal rights in education for all. Since independence every government had taken several steps to increase the literacy rate in Bangladesh. But did they really work out? Our neighbor countries like India, Srilanka have made a great progress in literacy rate. But, where as the current literacy rate of Bangladesh is 63. 8 %. If all the steps were successfully implemented, then the rate would be around 80% (daily Janakantho, 24 July, 10). So, here is short description about the whole education system and the role of government in Bangladesh. Governance: Although the term governance is often used synonymously with the term government it tends rather to be used to describe the processes and systems by which a government or governor operate. The term government and governor describe the institutions and people involved. According to the World Bank†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Governance is â€Å"the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised for the common good. This includes (i) the process by which those in authority are selected, monitored and replaced, (ii) the capacity of the government to effectively manage its resources and implement sound policies, and (iii) the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them. According to the UNDP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"Governance is the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a nation’s affairs. It is the complex mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights and obligations, and mediate their differences. † Education Governance: Education governance is concerned with how the funding, provision, ownership and regulation of education and training systems is coordinated, and at what level; local, regional, national and supranational. It is government who play the most significant role in coordinating education, the distribution of these responsibilities has been changing in response to calls for greater efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and democracy. Households, communities, and new kinds of private actors, are increasingly involved in many different aspects of education and training governance, raising questions about equity, participation and transparency. Objectives of Education Governance: To inspire and create enthusiasm among the learners in their thoughts, deeds and daily life to establish moral, humanitarian, religious, cultural and social values in personal as well as in national life. †¢ To develop awareness in the learners to protect the independence, sovereignty and integrity of Bangladesh. †¢ To make education pragmatic, productive and creative with a view to bringing about changes in the socio-economic conditions of the country and making the students into a dutiful and responsible manpower with scientific outlook and help them develop the qualities of leadership. To give special emphasis on primary and secondary education with a view to expanding education, to instill respect and eagerness for physical labor and enable the learners acquire vocational education for self-employment in all stages of education. †¢ To promote fraternity, moral values, generosity and fellow-feeling in people and make them respectful of human rights. †¢ To promote democratic values through fostering tolerance of one another’s views and help develop life-oriented, realistic and positive attitude for blossoming democratic awareness. To ensure proper quality at every level of education; to strengthen and widen the knowledge, skills and attitude acquired in the previous stage (in accordance with various aims and objectives of education): to enable acquisition of new knowledge and skills and to encourage people to contribute in the system of education, especially in the field of primary, secondary and vocational education. †¢ To emancipate the country from the curse of illiteracy. †¢ To create equal opportunities for education in accordance with merit and aptitude for the purpose of building a society free from disparity. To ensure gender parity in education and remove barriers of caste, creed and ethnicity in obtaining education. †¢ To ensure constitutional guarantee at all levels of education. †¢ To create aw areness about protection of environment. Structure of Education sector in Bangladesh: The education system in Bangladesh is characterized by co-existence of three separate streams. The mainstream happens to be a vernacular based secular education system carried over from the colonial past. There also exists a separate religious system of education. Finally, based on use of English as the medium of instruction, another stream of education, modeled after the British education system, using the same curriculum, has rapidly grown in the metropolitan cities of Bangladesh. However diverse the above streams may apparently look, they have certain common elements, and there exists scope for re-integration of graduates of one stream with the other at different levels. Different Streams in Education The mainstream education system in Bangladesh is structured as follows: – a. One or two year pre-primary education imparted in private schools/kindergartens, and informally in government primary schools for six months. b. Five-year compulsory primary education for the 6-10 year age group, imparted mainly in government and non-government primary schools. In metropolitan cities, however, government and non-government primary schools cater to the educational needs only of the poorer sections of the people, as the better-off families usually send their children to Private English Medium schools/ secondary schools that run primary sections as well. Very few NGOs however impart education for the full 5-year primary education cycle. c. On completion of primary education, students (11+) enroll for junior secondary education that spans over 3 years. At the end of this phase of education, some students branch out to join the vocational stream, offered at Vocational Training Institutes (VTI) and Technical Training Centers (TTC) run by the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Labor and Employment respectively, while students in the mainstream continue in government and non-government secondary schools for a 2 year secondary education in their respective areas of specialization i. . humanities, science, commerce, etc. At the end of their secondary education, the students sit for their first public examination (S. S. C. ) under the supervision of six education boards. The students of religious education and English medium streams also sit for their respective public examinations, Dakhil, and O level, conducted by the Madrasah Educ ation Board, and London/Cambridge University respectively, facilitated by the British Council in case of the latter. d. After 10 years of schooling at primary and secondary level, students (16+) who succeed in passing the Secondary School Certificate (S. S. C. ) examination have the option of joining a college for a 2 year higher secondary education in their respective areas of specialization, or enroll in technical/ poly technical institutes for technical education. After 2-year higher secondary education, one has to sit for another public examination called Higher Secondary Certificate (H. S. C. ) Examination conducted by the Education Boards to qualify for further education. Students of Religious and English Medium streams also sit for their respective public examinations, Alim, and ‘A’ level, conducted by the Madrasah Education Board and London/Cambridge University respectively to qualify for further education. e. Under-graduate education of various duration (2 to 4 years) are offered to 18+ students at a number of public and private universities / degree colleges/technical colleges/ specialized institutions. Successful completion of a degree course is a pre-requisite for appointment to a white-collar civilian job. . Post-graduate education normally of 1-2 year duration is provided at universities and selected degree colleges and institutions. Key Organizations governing the education sector in Bangladesh: Many organizations are involved in the direction of higher education in Bangladesh, and there is no single overarching authority. The President of Bangladesh is the Chancellor of most of the universities and is responsible for the appoint ment of vice-chancellors. The Prime Minister is Chancellor of a limited number of universities. The Ministry of Education (MoE) is concerned with overall policy formulation, monitoring, evaluation and execution of education. Line directorates are responsible for supervision and control of their relevant institutions, and these are: †¢ Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE): including Madrasah and other special types of education. †¢ Directorate of Technical Education (DTE): Technical and Vocational institutions. The University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (UGC) established in 1973, acts as an intermediary body between the government and individual universities, and is responsible for all higher education. It reports to the Minister of Education through the Secretary of Education. Its main functions are as follows: 1. To assess the needs of university education and evaluate and recommend development plans to the Ministry; 2. To identify the financial requirements of the universities; 3. To allocate operating and development funds from the government to the various institutions; 4. To evaluate the use of funds and implementation of development programs; 5. To advise the Government on the establishment of new universities, including private universities, and expansion of existing institutions; . To collect and disseminate statistical information; 7. To advise the Government on proposals to grant the right to confer special degree awarding status on colleges. The National University (NU) is an affiliating university that controls the degree-granting colleges. Prior to 1992, degree colleges were affiliated with one of the existing universities, which established syllabi, set and administer ed examinations, and awarded degrees for students in the colleges. To reduce the burden on the universities, the NU was established to take over and organize the affiliated colleges in all fields except agriculture, engineering and medicine. The Bangladesh Institutes of Technology (BIT) Council (CBIT) co-ordinates the activities of the four engineering colleges that enroll around 3,200 students. It has virtually the same functions as the UGC, only for the institutes of technology. The Association of Universities of Bangladesh (AUB) co-ordinates the activities of universities in both academic and administrative matters. The AUB also leases with the government and the UGC on administrative and financial affairs. Management of the education sector in Bangladesh: Pre-primary education, generally recognized as a useful stage of education to smoothen the transition from home to an institutional environment and thereby contributing to reduced drop out rates at primary level has so long remained outside the purview of official education policy of Bangladesh. Its management therefore lies at present exclusively in the hands of the schools imparting such education and some NGOs running such schools. The Education Policy 2010 did however recognize the need for pre-primary education and recommended its gradual introduction to 5+ children in primary schools with a view to universalizing one-year pre-primary education. As provision of universal compulsory primary education has been recognized by the Constitution of Bangladesh as a state responsibility, the government has assumed direct responsibility of the management of primary education in Bangladesh, particularly in the wake of enactment of Compulsory Primary Education Act in 1990. The overall responsibility of management of primary education lies with the Primary and Mass Education Division (PMED) set up as a separate Division with the status of a Ministry in 1992. While the PMED is involved in formulation of policies, the responsibility of implementation of the same rests with the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) headed by a Director General. The different tiers of administration such as Divisions, Districts and Upazilas are manned by Deputy Directors, District Primary Education Officers (DPEO) and Upazila Education Officers (UEO) respectively. UEOs are assisted by a number of AUEOs each in charge of a cluster of primary schools. At the school level, there exist School Management Committees (SMC) formed as per government directives with certain well defined functions, and Parent Teachers Associations (PTA) playing a supportive role in building favorable teaching-learning environment in schools. The Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) and its subordinate offices in the district and upazila are solely responsible for management and supervision of primary education. Their responsibilities include recruitment, posting, and transfer of teachers and other staff; arranging in-service training of teachers; and distribution of free text books, and supervision of schools. The responsibility of school construction, repair and supply of school furniture lies with the Facilities Department (FD) and Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). The National Curriculum and Text Book Board (NCTB) is responsible for the development of curriculum and production of textbooks. While the Ministry of Education (MOE) is responsible for formulation of policies, the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education (DSHE) under the Ministry of Education is responsible for implementing the same at secondary and higher education level. The NCTB is responsible for developing curriculum, and publishing standard textbooks. Seven regions based Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) are responsible for conducting the two public examinations, S. S. C. and H. S. C. , in addition to granting recognition to non-government secondary schools. DSHE is divided into eight zones, each in charge of a Deputy Director assisted by two Inspectors, and two Assistant Inspectors. District Offices are headed by District Education Officers (DEO). There exist three different levels of supervision. BISEs are responsible for accreditation of non-government secondary schools. However, because of lack of inspection capacity, the work is delegated to Zonal Inspectors and DEOs. The Directorate of Inspection and Audit of MOE with a small manpower of 24 Inspectors are responsible for periodic qualitative and quantitative evaluation of non-government schools. Each zone has two Inspectors and two Assistant Inspectors to inspect all schools covered by the zones. At the school level, in case of non-government secondary schools, School Management Committees (SMC), and at the intermediate college level in case of non-government colleges, Governing Bodies (GB), formed as per government directives, are responsible for mobilizing resources, approving budgets, controlling expenditures; and appointing and disciplining staff. In government secondary schools there does not exist any SMC. The Head Master s solely responsible for running the school and is supervised by the Deputy Director of the respective zone. PTAs however exist essentially for ensuring a better teaching learning environment. The Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) is responsible for planning, development and implementation of technical and vocational education in the country. Universities in Bangladesh are autonomous bodies administered by statutory bodies such as Syndicate, Se nate, Academic Council etc. in accordance with provisions laid down in their respective Acts. While the private universities are regulated by the University Grand Commission (UGC). Regulation/Licensing authority Under the President’s Order No. 10 of 1973, which established the UGC, the UGC has the right to visit the public universities or to have them visited by teams of experts as and when necessary for evaluating programs and assessing their needs and requirements. The establishment of a private university requires the formation of a non-profit corporation or foundation and the Private Universities Act stipulates a series of conditions for establishing a private university. Some of them are given below: †¢ A security deposit of Taka 50 million in interest-bearing government bonds. Transnational Report – Case Study: Bangladesh (October 2003) page 18 of 36 †¢ A minimum of two faculties. †¢ Permission to rent office space only for 5 years, before building their own campus. They should own land of at least five acres. †¢ Programs and courses to be offered must be approved by the UGC before students are admitted. †¢ Five percent of places must be reserved for free studentships to ‘poor but meritorious’ students. Following establishment, the UGC has the authority to periodically monitor, visit and evaluate the performance of private universities, regarding the numbers of qualified teachers, library books, facilities, approved curricula, and to recommend de-certification if institutions fail to perform according to agreed-upon standards. The National University reviews and approves the applications of all degree col leges that seek Government recognition. Applications are reviewed against minimum criteria for facilities, teaching staff, and library and laboratory facilities. Approval must be reaffirmed for all institutions each year and institutions can be de-affiliated. Guidelines of Ministry of Education: †¢ Human resource development is at the core of Bangladesh’s development efforts and access to quality education is critical to poverty reduction and economic development. The Government is committed to undertaking structural reforms that are expected to bring significant improvements in the education sector. Bangladesh’s commitment to education has been clearly stated in its Constitution and development plans with education being given the highest priority in the public sector investments. Education sector allocations are currently about 2. 3 percent of GDP and 14 percent of total government expenditure. Maintaining this commitment to the education sector is imperative in order to achieve Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). †¢ The management of the education system falls under two ministries – the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education (MoPME, responsible for primary education and mass literacy) and the Ministry of Education (MoE, responsible for secondary, vocational and tertiary education). Overall there are more than 17 million students at the primary level, and over 8. 0 million at the secondary level. Enrolments at the tertiary level are relatively small but growing very rapidly. †¢ Bangladesh has made significant progress, especially in regard to increasing access and gender equity, both at primary and secondary levels. Gross primary enrollment rates rose from 90 percent in the late 1990s to 98 percent in 2003, while a corresponding increase in enrollment rates at the secondary level rise to 44 percent. Gender parity in access to primary and secondary education has also been achieved. These achievements are particularly spectacular when compared to countries in the South Asia region and other countries at similar levels of per-capita income. †¢ The Government is strongly committed to alleviating the existing problems in respect of management and quality through reforms across the education system. At the primary level, MoPME is supported by a multi-donor group through the Primary Education Development Program II (PEDP II), which aims to strengthen educational access, quality and efficiency. In order to address issues at the secondary and higher levels, MoE has developed a medium-term framework for the secondary education sub-sector, focusing on quality improvements, policy measures and specific actions needed to reform the system. The development of this medium-term framework has benefited from an extensive range of consultations and workshops with stakeholders at the central, district, and upazila levels. The main objective of reforms being proposed is to address systemic governance issues aimed at raising the quality and cost-effectiveness of service delivery, and improve equity of access in secondary education. †¢ MoE is aiming to move towards a devolved system of governance within the current administrative structure. In this system the central government will be responsible for formulating policies, financing, setting quality standards, and monitoring and evaluation etc. , while lower levels of government will be responsible for administering the system. MoE is empowering officials at the district and upazila levels to take greater responsibility in monitoring school performance and ensure public disclosure of information (e. g. , SSC passing rates, teacher absenteeism, class sizes, etc. ) related to school quality. †¢ To ensure appropriate financial controls, MoE is implementing a Financial Management Reform Program (FMRP). This is intended to increase accountability and transparency in the use of resources Main laws governing education in Bangladesh: The legal basis for higher education is complicated, with some laws deriving from colonial time sand others from the Pakistan era. There may be fundamental change in the governance and administration of higher education in the near future (World Bank, 1999b). Currently, the universities have autonomy (by the parliamentary acts) to work within the UGC-given parameters, and the same is true for degree colleges under the NU. Public Universities Ordinance (1973) is the governance framework for public universities in Bangladesh. This order dictates the selection procedures for the 4 statutory bodies of the university — syndicate, senate, academic and finance councils– and this is sometimes seen as the root cause of much of the politicization of the public university campuses. University Law (1993) grants considerable autonomy to individual public universities. Non-Governmental (Private) Universities Act (1992) (Amended 1998, 2002 and in 2010): This Act regulates the establishment of private universities in Bangladesh. Major Initiatives taken by the Ministry: Education Commission 2003 submitted its report in March 2004 and GOB has initiated actions to review and prioritize its 880 recommendations concerning each stream and level of education. Actually many of the recommendations made by the Education Commission are already in the process of implementation and many are in the pipeline for implementation. Some of the actions are taken in this respect are described below: †¢ Government has enacted Primary Education (Compulsory) Law in 1990 to achieve the universal primary enrolment by 2005 †¢ More then 98% of secondary schools are non-government. But Government pays 90% of the teacher and staff salary of these institutions †¢ Bangladesh has sustained increased government allocation in education sector from the 1990s †¢ Government is currently providing subsidies to create demand for education in favor of the poor and girls †¢ Government has initiated the decentralization of primary and secondary education management structure †¢ Government has established an autonomous Nongovernmental Secondary Teachers Registration and Certification Authority in order to recruit qualified and trained teachers in secondary level institutions †¢ A large project for the improvement of teaching quality at the secondary level institutions is underway †¢ A new apex body named National Teachers Training Authority by restructuring existing National Academy for Education Management (NAEM) is on card. This proposed institution would train both public and private sector teachers from 2005/06 †¢ Reorganization of National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) has also started with the objective to separate functions of the Board into two units, e. . , curriculum and textbook. This would enhance competition in textbook production and publishing and enable Board to concentrate on curriculum development †¢ A separate entity named Independent Textbook Evaluation Committee (ITEC) has been established for designing transparent criteria under which individual textbook manuscripts will be evaluated †¢ Privatization of textbo ok production and publication has already started for grades 6 to 10. Publication of all textbooks at the secondary level will be privatized by 2007 †¢ An Accreditation Council is being established which would function as a watchdog over the private universities in order to monitor the teaching standard of universities Major Reforms Undertaken by the Government: †¢ Introduction of unitrack curriculum in secondary level education from 2006 †¢ School based assessment (SBA) in secondary level education †¢ Reform of existing examination systems in secondary level education †¢ Privatization of Textbook Writing and Publication Re-organization of Managing Committee/Governing Body of the Non-Government Educational Institutions †¢ Formation of Oversight Committee for Supervision of Teaching at Classrooms †¢ Sanction of MPO on the basis of performance of educational institutions †¢ Strengthening of Teachers’ Training †¢ Delivery of Textbooks to the Students on Time †¢ Development and Modernization of Secon dary, Technical and Madrasha Curricula †¢ Retirement and Welfare Fund for Non-Government Teachers †¢ Establishment of 10 Foreign Language Centers Distribution of 20000 computers in secondary level educational institutions including Madrashas †¢ Training of secondary level teachers’ in computer applications †¢ Restructuring of Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education †¢ Restructuring of National Academy for Education Management (NAEM) †¢ Restructuring of Personnel of Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (Dhaka, Rajshahi, Chittagong, Jessore, Barisal, Comilla, Sylhet) and NCTB Government Education Policy: In order to maintain a modern, scientific and effective education system, Bangladesh Government attaches highest priority to the improvement of education sector. With this objective, the Government of Bangladesh had established several Education Commissions and Committees since the independence of the country. Despite repeated demands from professionals and from wider society, a comprehensive statement of the national education policy or long term strategy for education for Bangladesh has historically been elusive. In terms of higher education, the sector has grown in an ad hoc manner (especially the private sector), without reference to national development goals in terms of numbers of graduates, quality of provision, or subject relevance. However, in recent years the government has increased its investment in education services, whilst also encouraging greater private investment at all levels of the sector. It also introduced a National Education Policy (NEP) in 2000. The government sees the education sector as crucial to its overall national socio-economic development for the labor market, developing the research base, and for facilitating knowledge transfer. The Fifth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), and the National Education Policy (NEP), 2000, under the Awami League government (1996-2001), made important recommendations concerning the development of higher education in Bangladesh. However, with a change of government in October 2001, the fate of the NEP are uncertain, although indications suggest that they are so far following the recommendations of the NEP.

Research Proposal Sample on Vodafone Uk Customer Satisfaction

In the business industry, it is important to gather customer to make the product and services sold. Therefore, keeping a customer is difficult in the business when it is in the starting stage. A business will find it harder to find prospective and loyal customer when operating abroad. And because of the economic problem that many countries are facing now, another challenge was revived; how to keep the customer? The Customer Satisfaction The customer satisfaction is a business term that measures how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy1. Every business’s mission is making the customers as their first priority. In accordance to this, the business must fill or serve the satisfaction of their customers according to what preferences that the market is demanding for. For an instance, if the business is in the food industry and the customers’ wants different variations of soup then, the management must look forward to create sumptuous dishes. Some business use different approach in leading their customers in the satisfactory stage like making special for their valued customer or raffle promo or making a sale for some products, anything that will catch the customers’ attention and at the end bringing the profit and customers’ trusts. The business literally promotes their product with the use of their customer because if one customer felt great to their product or enjoyed the service, he/she will make it on the broadcast among with their friends. The value of customers in the business is very high thus; the business needs to find impressions to keep them coming back to their establishment. In the case of finding such market in the other country, is like finding a needle in a vast gassy meadow. It is hard when the business is new to the eye of the customers. It is hard when the business is not prepared in approaching the customers well. It is hard when the business has many competitors in the area. The need for adjustment is highly acceptable. And because of these issues that surround the business industry, the proper guidance is highly appreciated. The Vodafone case can be a basis in catching the customer’s interest. The Vodafone Vodafone UK has more than 17 million customers and is part of the world’s largest mobile community. Vodafone’s leadership in mobile voice and data communications has continued, thanks largely to its focus on developing its brand and customer experience2. In this big company, reaching the respect of the customers is not new to them. Most especially, the Vodafone is a technology-based business and the impact of acceptance is expectedly high. But even a good business like Vodafone still needs to assess their customers and answer every question of their customer. They also consider many opinions and suggestion coming from their customers so that, the evidence in the growing customer acceptance make their gross reach the highest every year. However, the challenge is still there in every kind of business. Customer’s Challenge Vodafone is constantly looking for new ways to drive interaction and enhance the service that we offer to our customers, while at the same time making the life of our people simpler and more rewarding. However, Vodafone recognized that it was not differentiating the needs of its in-store customers or allocating store employees according to their areas of expertise. This meant waiting times could be lengthy and the level of service provided varied on the store employee’s area of expertise. So, Vodafone introduced a re-branding program aimed at improving the customer journey in store, as well as differentiating Vodafone from its competitors. Based on the macro planning principles of â€Å"Organize me, Engage me†, the key components of the refit included greater automation in-store, the option for self-service through kiosks, and footfall counters to track the volume of customers in-store and optimize the customer flow. Benefits to the Customer †¢ Improve the customer experience – customers now have more time to browse the store and choose how to purchase, so everyone benefits from faster and more efficient service, in a more relaxed atmosphere. This has led to a considerable uplift in customer satisfaction. Increase performance – optimized stores outperform other stores. Average contract volumes have increased with average upgrade volumes also increasing. †¢ Minimize business disruption – systems availability is enhanced, with a substantial reduction in support calls and improvement in first time fixes, increasing sales opportunities †¢ Maximize profit margins – self-serv ice significantly reduces the cost of sale especially amongst core pre-pay customers †¢ Enhance productivity – automation of commodity purchases enables faster transaction times and frees up resources to help other customers. The number of customers leaving stores without seeing an advisor is also declining †¢ Reduce support costs – tailoring services and removing duplicate effort and resources has cut costs, while increasing the overall level of support †¢ Optimize resource deployment – increased management information, such as customer numbers, waiting times and sales conversion figures, is helping to track and measure the customer experience in-store and enable staffing roles to be prepared to reflect store and customer requirements. The Business Case for Measuring Impacts The nature of multinational business is complex, shaped by globalization and rapid socio-economic and political change. Sustainability issues are increasingly contributing to this complexity, not least climate change, resource constraints, endemic poverty and ecosystem degradation. Committing to create a more sustainable and inclusive form of globalization and the following are the key objectives3: †¢ Develop a deeper understanding of how global issues such as poverty, the environment, demographic change and globalization affect individual companies and sectors; †¢ Use the understanding of these issues to search for more inclusive business solutions that help to address the issues at both a local and global scale; †¢ Align core business strategies with the solutions identified; †¢ Incorporate long-term measures into the definition of success, targeting profitability that is sustainable and supported by a responsible record in managing social, environmental and employment matters. The Business in Developing Countries Companies recognize the risks and opportunities their operations face in developing countries and the important role they play in influencing change. They rely on transparent legal systems, access to markets and infrastructure services, social stability, healthy and skilled employees and suppliers, as well as consumers willing and able to purchase their products and services. While these conditions are critical for business growth and success, the benefits resulting from the presence of multinational business and the associated in-flows of capital may not reach all sectors of society. The consequence can be a thriving middle and upper class while the low-income segment gets left behind. This can lead to strained relations between business and the communities associated with their activities, increased scrutiny from civil society organizations and greater levels of political pressure from local and national governments, all of which can increase commercial risks for investors3. Conclusion The importance of customer in one business can affect the operation of a multinational company most especially in the developing countries. The success of a multinational company can make an additional growth in their own economy. Getting the heart of the customers are essential to keep the business moving. Although there are many factors that can affect a business that is new in the face of the foreign country, the main strategy that the study can add is to look for a customer that has a same nationality of the business. For example, the American business is new to Japan, therefore, the business should target their very own race first before entering the Japanese culture and became part of their life.References:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gitman, L; & McDaniel, C., (2005). The Future of Business: The Essentials. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. ISBN 0324320280. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vodafone Case in Customer Satisfaction (n.d.). [Online] Available at: http://www.fujitsu.com/uk/casestudies/fs _vodafone-customersatisfaction.html [Accessed 14 Aug 2009].3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Impact: Beyond the Bottom Line (2008). WBCBD. [Online] Available at: http://www.wbcsd.org/web/projects/sl/MIbeyondthebottomline.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug 2009]. Read more: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/research-proposal-sample-on-vodafone-uk-customer-satisfaction.html#ixzz1Es0Qh2Bk

Nature and Nurture on the human development Essay

Nature and Nurture on the human development Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the history of human beings, there have existed a lot of theories discussing how nurture or nature influences the development of humans. Not only did this debate happen in the past, but also even today many individuals and nations are debating on this issue to decide which factor impacts more to the humans. To put it in the layman’s language, nature is the natural processes which are mostly inherited and hence cannot be changed. Nurture is the processes that are caused by the environment and these characteristics could be changed by the outer surrounding. So in this paper I will present the argument on the nurture impact on human behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The factors that affect the people’s perception and change their behaviors include: their own perception, the people’s perception about them, the societal or cultural believes and even what they view the surrounding. For instance the cloths have been seen to influence behaviors of people. For instance, a person wearing a doctor’s white coat has been proofed to be more attentive than when wearing a painter’s coat. According to the experimental social psychology journal, there is a finding that shows that people think not only with their brain but also their bodies. According to Dr. Galinsky, our thinking processes are based on the physical experiences that are seen to set off the associated abstract concepts and these experiences also include the cloths that people’s wear. It has been known for long now that people are perceived by others by the way that they dress. A person dressing in some manners can be perceived to be what a direct opposite of what they exactly are is. Many experiments that have been previously carried shows that ladies who dress in masculine cloths at the time of interview are more likely to be absorbed and also a person who wears the official cloths are mostly seen as more intelligent in a teaching assistant job and they are most likely to be hired than a person who dresses casually.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also the way people perceive themselves is another nurture factor that affects mostly the people’s behavior. According to an article on â€Å"why men don’t last: self destruction as a way of life†, it is revealed that men commit more suicide than women. This could be explained by the way men have trained themselves and the way they feel that they are capable of handling their own problems without seeking any help from outside. This is owing to the fact that people who are more open to discuss their problems are mostly likely able to evade the suicide trap. It has  been proofed that women are more open in discussing their problems and hence their suicidal cases are very minimal. Men always conceal their problems and this leads to them committing suicide. In the face of changing circumstances, men feel helpless and trapped but a woman takes risk of discussing the circumstance and hence they are novelty seekers and grea t risk takers. This is a behavior that is passed to all generations and hence changes the people’s perception.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article, â€Å"HERS; Why Boys Don’t Play With Dolls†, by Pollitt Nkatha, it is evident that for many years boys have been seen to incline on the trucks and guns but on the other hand girls mostly incline on wearing party dresses and holding Dolls. This could be explained through inborn hormonal influences along with the genetic configuration and the brain chemistry. Even though these factors hold, the surroundings shape the perception of these children to act in this trend for a long period of time. The behaviors which are perceived to be girlish are passed from generation to generation and this becomes a habit that is artificially inherited through nurture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conclude, nurture and nature both have great impact on the development of humans. The nature will decide the depositions of human being which can be changed by nurture. Nature will give the in born abilities but nurture will help to develop them. Nature gives the inborn attributes but nurture changes these innate attributes accordingly and this result to people having different lives hence nurture is the one that highly impacts on the behaviors of human beings and their development. References KATHA POLLITT. â€Å"HERS;Why Boys Don’t Play With Dolls†, October 8, 1995 â€Å"Why Men Don’t Last: Self-Destruction as a Way of Life†, February 17, 1999 SANDRA BLAKESLEE. â€Å"Mind Games: Sometimes a White Coat Isn’t Just a White Coat†, April 2, 2012 Source document

Kempinski Hotels in United Arab Emirates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kempinski Hotels in United Arab Emirates - Essay Example At the moment the Kempinski Hotel of Ajman is in its growth period and it is expected that it will soon reach its zenith in the hospitality industry. (Sen, 448-50) 2) It is always difficult to enter any industry and the hospitality industry in UAE was no different. However with proper execution of five forces it becomes logically viable for a new company enter into a specified market Michael Porter in his famous idea of the Five Forces condenses his theory regarding the 5 separate forces, which, according to him, influence any given industry. These forces include the force of Rivalry, rampant between all the firms in the industry. Threat of substitutes is another force i.e. the threat posed by outside products which do not belong to the same industry as the product it tends to threaten. Buyer Power Barriers is another which, if high, can even set the price for things available in the market. The next one is the Supplier Power which, if high, can even bite of a good chunk of the manufacturers profit by simply supplying raw materials at a higher price. The last one is the Barriers to Entry, which is the principle key in the hands of the old firm s to keep new firms from entering the market. Porter's five forces train a new competitor to scrutinize these 5 important forces before taking decisions pertaining to strategies your firm might be keen to pursue. Porter is quick to provide antidotes to deal with each of the force he so carefully describes. To combat either of the forces he outlines 3 different types of strategies; the corporate level strategy, the business unit level strategy and the functional or departmental level strategy. These strategies ought to be utilized for successfully confronting and overpowering the problems posed by any of the 5 forces he outlines. From the parameter of the paper it could be stated that Kempinski Hotels did exactly this and thus the entry was made possible with comparative smoothness. 3) In the context of hospitality industry in UAE it can be stated that the Kempinski Hotels made a late movement into the market of UAE. It is a certainty that the first movers enjoy a considerable advantage of over the late movers and in this case hotels like Marco Polo Hotel, Millennium Hotel, Landmark Suites Hotel, Lotus Grand Hotel and Rimal Rotana all penetrated the UAE hospitality market on an earlier date than the Kempinski Hotels. However, with their brand equity of the mother concern and with the incorporation of the effective business strategies the Kempinski Hotels compromised the disadvantages of late entry and came out as winners in the long term. (King, 34-5) 4) Kempinski Hotels started their campaigns in UAE in a high note. Like all successful organizations they followed the path of strategic management and became successful. With the boom of tourism industry in UAE it was logical that there would be a heady demand for accommodation and thus the market can be stated as well secured. It has been reported that the average room occupancy in 5 and 6 star hotels range from 75% to 90% which is extremely high under all conditions. Under such circumstances it would relevant to mention that the basics of the product are already well positioned as the Kempinski Hot

Electronic Methods of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Electronic Methods of Communication - Essay Example By thoroughly discussing these four questions, we can come to a more critical and intellectual viewpoint on this subject matter. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly discuss all of this, as well as any key elements which are in relation to this issue. This is what will be dissertated in the following. A virtual office is a location which allows many people doing business to share an office address and business machines, and is a facility which often includes such things as receptionists, mail support, telephone banks, fax machines, copiers, computers, and sometimes even call answering services. With the technology currently available, business can be conducted easily from basically anywhere. The virtual office is considered as being easily one of the most important applications of the Internet, although its recognition is surely lacking. The Internet is easily the most popular communication tool which is completely changing the entire concept of what it means to be an agency. "The key to making an office virtual is enabling everyone in the agency to be able to work together as smoothly as they would if they were all physically in the same place. The Internet is beginning to make this type of integration possible because it allows rapid, low-cost communication between individual u sers and businesses." (Anderson, 2000). The virtual office is certainly a thing of popularity and efficiency; however, not everyone is a candidate for working in a virtual environment. This type of setting requires a special type of person in order to function properly; the person has to be able to work from home, and a special kind of manager is also required to effectively manage virtual employees. Largely as a result of the falling price of telecommunications and the increased sophistication of such things as relevant technology, all businesses, regardless of size, are suddenly able to take advantage of global efficiencies that were once available only to large corporations and multi-nationals. "There are a number of implications of decentralization. The integrity of corporate data can be compromised in the absence of strong data management and storage policies. The inevitable proliferation of duplicated data sent over public networks to individuals or offices in remote locations also presents significant security risks. The management of outsourced services (with well defined service level agreements) requires a different approach to those supplied from in-house, and is likely to be even more challenging when services are undertaken in a different country. Differences in culture, time zone, standards, legislation and language are the obvious ones. Deficiencies in any of these areas can lead to reputation risks as well as increasing the costs of compliance." (Evans, 2006). Is Personal Contact Even Necessary at This Point In regards to technologically speaking, it appears rather obvious that personal contact is in fact unnecessarily in most cases. However, a matter of a related issue is that of is

Supreme Court Land Use Opinion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supreme Court Land Use Opinion - Assignment Example Wiemerslage Church whose parishioners believe the deceased must remain in their burial grounds for religious purposes. On the basis of the O’Hearn Modernization Act, the New Kiel Wissinois State District Court granted eminent domain to the MAA, awarding the cemetery to the MAA based on â€Å"compelling government interest† in the project, a ruling upheld by the Federal Appeals Court. The Church is appealing the decision, citing insufficient â€Å"essential nexus† and lack of â€Å"rough proportionality† with regards to the building project, claiming a violation of their constitutional rights to religious protection under the First Amendment. The Great Lakes Region denied the MMA permits for dredging, a decision upheld by the Federal District Court. The MAA is appealing the decision to deny the dredging permits, citing that the denial of the permits was arbitrary and capricious and requesting eminent domain over the cemetery grounds for the use of the prosp ective runway. -The Midwestago Airport Authority (MAA), for the purposes of increasing flight capacity of the O’Hearn airport, is seeking to add a new runway, Runway 10 Center, to its airfield. The MAA contends that expansion of the airfield will serve the public interest by increasing air traffic in the region, thereby stimulating statewide economic development. -In order for the runway to be constructed, the MAA wishes to exercise eminent domain of the adjacent sacred St. Wiemerslage Teutonic Druid Cemetery, relocating the remains therein, utilizing the land thereof for the Runway 10 Center. -The St. Wiemerslage Teutonic Druid Church is vehemently opposed to the MAA seizure of the cemetery. The Church holds that the burial ground is sacred, maintaining that it is integral in their beliefs of the afterlife that the remains not be moved. -The Wissinios State District Court ruled that there was essential nexus

Choices of Hybrid Cars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choices of Hybrid Cars - Research Paper Example The price of this car is approximately $ 46,350.00. This hybrid car has several advantages. One of its advantages is the engine to its suspension through steering and differential. The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray car has enhanced performance. It has a very appealing exterior design that makes it extremely streamline. In addition, the car has LCD instrumentation inside it that make easy for the driver to customize information. Interestingly, the Base audio system pumps the bass, which produces a clean sound effect. It has a few disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is the cabin tech interface is confusing with wide spectrum way of accessing music libraries, the audio sources and map features. The stingray also is not well suited for the presence of heavy traffic. The advantages by far outweigh the disadvantages and its star rating is outstanding. The price of this hybrid car is at $51,000.00. Mercedes-Benz S550 is another hybrid car. It has several advantages, to start with is its mammoth cabin space, which is also smooth making it adorable. The LED lights on the dashboard panels keep the tech to be ahead of the game. Its steering is an assisting feature that eases driving in heavy traffic. The main disadvantages of this hybrid car are its application integration that is very slow when it comes to loading for general use. The virtual instrument gauges look a little bit flat which need a graphic fuel gauge. The bottom line Mercedes- Benz is a good car and rated as excellent. Its prize is ranged between $28,000- $ 104,000.

Case 5-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case 5-3 - Assignment Example After inspecting the roof, Joel requested Don to seal a deal that would see Joel’s company replace Don’s roof. The author describes this technique in chapter 16 and its efficiency in promoting sales. Joel’s use of the foot-in-the-door technique may be considered as manipulative because he begins by proposing a small request to Don, which he is sure that Don cannot decline. Don is committed to maintaining his home and he would benefit immensely from the inspection of his roof by an expert. Therefore, he easily gives into Joel’s request. However, Joel utilizes Don’s compliance to manipulate him further so that they can discuss the roof’s condition and that he may introduce his company’s offer. Without a doubt, Joel calculates his moves effectively to ensure that Don easily closes the deal allowing the company to replace his roof (p. 342). Without a doubt, Joel uses the technique to evoke the emotions of Don a factor that may contribute to him accepting the offer blindly. As Chapter 16 highlights, manipulative sales representatives are more likely to use this technique. Chapter 16 gives attention to vulnerable consumers, but highlights that the vulnerability of consumers may be defined in various ways. The chapter reveals that elderly consumers are more likely to exhibit high levels of vulnerability, which is exploited by sales representatives. If a sales representatives recognizes that a consumer is vulnerable, he or she takes the advantage of such vulnerability and influences their purchasing decisions. From a superficial point of view Don seems to be a vulnerable consumer because of the value he attaches to his home and the commitment he has to maintain his home in perfect condition (p. 343). However, a deeper analysis of the situation reveals that he has little knowledge about roofing and that he is unable to inspect his roof regularly. His lack of sufficient knowledge about Roofing serves as a point of vulnerability. However,

Diabetes Case Study of Angelo Reyes in the Neighborhood

Diabetes of Angelo Reyes in the Neighborhood - Case Study Example Angelo is a 40-year-old Hispanic architect who has had diabetes mellitus type 1 since the age of 13. He is very compliant with diabetes management and strongly believes that he is healthy. However, Angelo and her husband Rachel are expecting to have twin babies and Angelo is apprehensive about the changes that can happen in his routine. Together with others advises he is considering an insulin pump therapy to manage diabetes. To understand Angelo’s dilemma, it is essential to learn diabetes and its types. Diabetes happened because there is a lack of insulin or because there are factors affecting the production of insulin (Watkins, p. 1). Diabetes was noted as early as 1500 B.C. by Ancient Egyptians and when Greek doctor Arataeus derived diabetes from the Greek word siphon, the disease that draws water from the body (Brill, p. 8).Watkins (2003) delineate WHO criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes such as 1) symptoms of diabetes plus casual venous plasma glucose >11.1 mmol/l, 2) fasting plasma glucose >7.0 mmol/l or whole blood 6.1 mmol/l, and 3) 2-hour plasma glucose >11.1 mmol/l (p. 1). Diabetes mellitus is categorized into type 1 and type 2. Angelo has type 1 diabetes mellitus which depends on exogenous injected insulin due to absolute deficiency of insulin secondary to beta cells destruction. Lifelong insulin is needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and sustain life (McDowell, Brown, &Matthews, p. 2). Diabetes is a chronic and a lifelong disease. There is no cure for diabetes yet. However, there are existing treatments which requires the individuals and families to modify their life routines. Successful management of diabetes involves learning how the disease works, signs to watch for, and keeping and checking blood sugar levels normal (Brill, p. 17). Overview of the Incidence of Diabetes in United States The American Diabetes Association (2011) released data from the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet that the total prevalence of diabetes among child ren and adults in the United States is 25.8 million (8.3% of the population). In addition to this statistic are the 79 million people with prediabetes, 1.9 million of these are new cases of diabetes in people age 20 years and older since the 2010 survey. Typical Presenting Signs Signs and symptoms of diabetes may appear abruptly or gradually, depending on the production of insulin in the body. Mr. Reyeswill have clinical presentations of increased thirst (polydipsia) and urination (polyuria) due to the excess sugar drawing water from body tissues and the kidneys flushing out extra water to lower the concentration of sugar in urine. Mr. Reyes may also feel fatigue and may have increased appetite (polyphagia) due to lack of proper body fuel and cell starvation. Despite of increased appetite, Mr. Reyes will suffer from weight loss because the lack of glucose for nourishment burn body fat to compensate for the energy requirements. Increased glucose in the eyes can also cause bleeding or leaking of fluids in eyes blood vessels which damages the blood vessels and results in blurring of vision. Mr. Reyes will also have healing difficulties and are more prone to infections of the bladder or skin. Other clinical manifestations might present are headache,

Mussolini's War Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mussolini's War Speech - Essay Example Such regimes flourished during the politically uncertain period in Europe following the First World War. Italy and Germany were the most important centers of such fascist governments. The arguments that are provided by Mussolini for the war against Ethiopia, a country which they had failed to subdue for around a century are not scientifically valid. Economically and as far as military might was concerned, Italy would not have been able to hold up against the might of the Allied powers alone, who supported the League of Nations, which had condemned the attack on Ethiopia (Italy in the Second World War). Mussolini’s claim that â€Å"to acts of war†, he would â€Å"reply with acts of war† (Mussolini Justifies War Against Ethiopia) is thus, based on his needs to rouse his countrymen and gain their support rather than a scientifically legitimate claim on his part. The text talks of the need to invade Ethiopia at a point of time when the sentiments of the international community were against such an invasion. Italy did not really have the ability to stand against such opposition as was proven in a disastrous manner by the Second World War. Mussolini’s claims are based on hope and intuition and not on reports of diplomatic understanding. They are also directed at invoking the intuitive nationalist sentiments of the Italians rather than an appeal to their sense of rational understanding. Mussolini reasons with himself about the chances of his victory- while talking of France and Great Britain, he speaks about the improbability of their doing so. This is a case of inductive reasoning whereby he uses particular examples to prove that a certain event would not come about. He also rejects responsibility for any act of violence that may follow an act of violence upon Italy. This is an example of causal reasoning whereby he talks of retribution on the part of the Italians would be the effect of violence on the part of others. Mussolini here shies away from responsibility and this was one of the important characteristics of the fascist regimes that developed during the interwar years. The regimes that came up during this period led their people into war; they were, however, unable to ensure that their people would come out of the war unscathed. Italy and Germany spent many years following the Second World War trying to recoup from its effects. The process of rebuilding took great efforts on the part of the German and Italian people. When Mussolini says that the people of Italy had been impressed by the work of the fascists, he means it to be an example of deductive logic. When he says that fascism was a spectacle that history had not seen till then, he means it to be the premise that along with the premise of the effectiveness of fascism led to the twenty million people of Italy gathering together in support of Mussolini and the institution of fascism. The techniques of logic and reasoning are employed in a very effective and convincing manner by Mussolini. The power of oratory that shines through his entire speech was a feature that was very important in his journey to success. This was important in the consolidation of his power of Mussolini over the people of Italy. The Italian people were swayed in a manner that was similar to the way in which the Germans were swayed by Adolf Hitler in later years. The promise of economic development was a major reason as to why people were misled in

Minorities in the United States Essay Example for Free

Minorities in the United States Essay Assimilation is defined as a process by which an individual or a group acquires the attitudes and sentiments of other individuals or groups and then incorporates their history and experience to achieve a similar cultural life (Park Burgess, 1921). Early American ancestors who were against assimilation in the country foresaw that immigrants to the country would throw away their cultural identities and the next generations would not retain those cultural identities. It was debated that assimilation could result to a similar nature of national identity in which immigrants could achieve both social and economic benefits by integrating themselves into the mainstream of the American culture (Barvosa-Carter). Immigrants are required to take an identity of an Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, white and monolingual English language speaker when integrating immigrants on the assimilationist model. However, assimilation disregarded the important distinction between a national identity and an ethnic identity. Assimilationists have influenced the American political culture with a false view that the growing cultural diversity among immigrants affects their loyalty to the country (Barvosa-Carter). Furthermore, an assimilationist approach adopts the notion that successful integration of immigrants in the country must remove all ethnic identities among immigrants (Barvosa-Carter). Definition of multiculturalism Multiculturalism is also called ethnic federalism because it is the official acknowledgment of unique, fundamentally fixed ethnic individuals and the sharing of resources based on the idea of membership in an ethnic group. It disapproves the concept of the role of ethnic diversity in the emergence of a single, culturally united people. Multiculturalism also affirms the right of every ethnic American to privilege and power, to demand recognition and respect, and to act in their native language (Salins, 1997). Moreover, multiculturalism came out of a conflict between social cohesion and cultural diversity that has been existent in the American political culture since its formation (Bryson, 2005). Assimilation versus Multiculturalism Assimilation in American life has been much more accommodating, flexible, and effective in allowing the country to retain its national unity despite the influx of different types of cultures and nationalities, while multiculturalism is more often an ideology of ethnic grievance and unavoidably results to ethnic conflict (Salins, 1997). There are two principles that are considered the foundation of multiculturalism and the opposites of assimilationism: immigrants should not throw away any of the cultural qualities they inherited from their ancestors and there will or can never be a single united nationalistic identity that all Americans can interrelate with (Salins, 1997). According to Chavez, multiculturalism supersedes affirmative action with a power to influence how all racial and ethnic groups in the country perceive themselves and conceptualize the country. Proponents of multiculturalism have not lost their belief in the capability of assimilation. The drive to traditionally assimilate ethnic minorities has been overwhelming in the United States, notably among the children of immigrants. Religion looks to be a more effective hindrance to complete assimilation than the temporal elements of culture (Chavez, 2009). Strengths and Limitations of Assimilation and Multiculturalism One of the disadvantages of multiculturalism is the failure to hear the voices of other people who live and share in the same country. However, multiculturalism has proved to be powerful and exclusionary because its primary framework and tools are borrowed from the history of anthropology (Michaelsen, 1999). According to Chavez (2009), the driving force for multiculturalism will not come from immigrants, but from their assimilated counterparts who are more affluent and established. However, multiculturalism will not promote progress, but will put the nation a step backward. The more culturally diverse Americans become, the more important that they commit themselves to a shared culture. The most notable attribute of American culture has been its capability to integrate different elements into a new unified culture (Chavez, 2009). Assimilation among Americans has always implied the notion of give and take and the American culture has been enhanced or improved by what individual ethnic groups contributed to it. (Chavez, 2009) Minority groups experiences Discrimination suffered by ethnic minorities in the United States has affected their achievements in life. The country faces two challenges in dealing with ethnic relations: the move to further eliminate the negative impact of racism that started with slavery and the successful assimilation of growing immigrants, particularly coming from South and Central America and Asia. Moreover, the immigration trend in the country has gained exceptional successes in making the nation’s motto a reality. However, each wave of immigration has resulted to tension between new types of immigrants and older, naturalized immigrants (Thernstrom, A S, 2002). The nature and structure of life in the United States constitutes the social environment in which interpersonal relations among people of different religions, races and national origins occur. The estimated 190 million Americans are not just individual persons with psychological attributes, but belong to different types of groups: primary, secondary, family, associations, social networks, religious, racial, and social classes. The nature of these different types of groups and their interpersonal relationships has a fundamental impact on how people of different cultural backgrounds perceive and relate to each other (Gordon, 1964). The different cultural varieties of Americans have the tendency to be with their own social class and ethnic group for the main purpose of having the warm relationships with their primary groups, interacting with other cultural varieties of Americans mainly in neutral relationships with secondary groups (Gordon, 1964). In conclusion, the United States can cope with the influx of immigrants and increasing diversity by making sure that all Americans learn how to relate with different types of groups that exist in the country. They must learn to continually eliminate structural separation of different types of ethnic groups by enhancing their interaction on the job, on the civic environment, and in other areas of impersonal relations. The process of having a modern and industrial society is dependent on the commitment of mobility and interchangeability of individuals based on their occupational expertise and needs. The universal criteria of training and competence, which rely on the achievement of occupational roles, the choice of political leaders, the selection of living space, and the effective implementation of the educational process must exist in the country, while the criteria based on religion, racial background, and nationality must eliminate. If the structural separation of ethnic groups, brought by prejudices and the desire to maintain their own subculture and ethnic identity, the American society will experience, conflict, mediocrity and confusion (Gordon 1964). Chavez recommends that that all of ethnic minorities in the United States should think of themselves as Americans, no matter where they all come from or what reasons that brought their ancestors in the country. All Americans need to retain the idea that they are one people, not simply an integration of various and competing ethnic groups. Furthermore, the value for immigrant children to understand English than to retain their native language is also necessary to address the complexity of cultural diversity. Going beyond the line where ethnicity and race are the key elements that Americans identify themselves or establish loyalty is also needed. Retaining the values and principles that unite Americans must exist rather than their differences in ancestry (Chavez, 2009). The nation can also cope with the steady influx of immigrants by understanding the concept of culture. Cultures are sets of practices involving codes of communication, habits of interaction, expression of artistic talents, and standards of human behavior that need to be understood by Americans. Furthermore, cultures are interrelated with people because as people change their cultural practices, the entire cultures can and do change (Moya, 2002). Students and teachers can play an important role in helping the nation cope with the growing cultural diversity. They must learn to understand that certain ethnic groups are culturally deprived, while other ethnic groups are culturally rich. It is also important that students and educators must be provided with tools they need to learn the impact of daily interaction on different cultural practices. Understanding the notion of concept of culture will help explain the importance of cultural diversity. Cultures not only can familiarize Americans to the world, but can also be an important form of moral knowledge (Moya, 2002). References Barvosa-Carter, Edwina. American immigrants in American conflict. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved April 7, 2009, from http://journal. georgetown. edu/72/barvosa. cfm. Bryson, Bethany Paige (2005). Making Multiculturalism: Boundaries and Meaning in U. S. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University. Chavez, Linda (2009). Multiculturalism is driving us apart. USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2009, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mim1272/is_n2612_v124/ai_18274647/ Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins. Great Britain: Oxford University Press, Inc. Michaelsen, Scott (1999). Limits of Multiculturalism: Interrogating the Origins of American Anthropology. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Moya, Paula M. L. (2002). Learning From Experience: Minority Identities, Multicultural Struggles. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Park, Robert E. Burgess, Ernest W. (1921). Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. Salins, Peter D. (1997). Assimilation, American style: multiculturalism and ethnic relations. Reason. Los Angeles, California: Reason Foundation. Thernstrom, Abigail Stephan, Eds. (2002). Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. Palo Alto, California: Hoover Institution Press.

Child and Young Person Development Essay Example for Free

Child and Young Person Development Essay 1) Describe, using the examples in the case study, the kinds of influences that affect children and young peoples development. Include examples from the family and childrens background, health and environment. (2.1) In the case study there are many influences that affect the children and young peoples development in the family; this can be because of the background of the family, the health and also the environment they live in. The mother and father were both in foster care when they were young, so they won’t have a motherly/fatherly figure to look up to when looking after their own children. Their fridge/freezer is broken so they can’t keep food fresh, so they will have to eat tinned food. The twins, Melody and Michael, were born 14 weeks premature so they will need all the nutrience they can get to help them grow and get healthy. The flat they all live in is crowded because there are 8 of them to share 3 bedrooms and a small lounge and kitchen. The lift in the flat is broken so the children cant go out to play and get exercise. Also when the lift isnt working the twins cannot attend the nursery, so they will not learn all the simple things you learn in nursery. The mother cannot leave the flat to shop for food, so they will have to eat less food for each meal to last them until she can get to the shops. Also their father cannot leave the flat because he has a severe disability and he has to stay in bed. He can’t even work because of it, and the mother cant work because she has to look after the children and Wayne too, so they have to live on benefits. Their flat is right next to an industrial estate where many chemicals are used; it is letting off all the chemicals and polluting the air. Therefore the children cant really go out anyway because of the polluted air, it will make them ill. Nigel, who is 7, has asthma and it gets worse when the weather is overcast. Also it doesnt help when the flat has damp patches everywhere that will make Nigels asthma worse. These are the influences that affect the children and young people’s development in the case study. 2) Describe, with examples, the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s  development. (2.2) It is important to recognise and to respond to concerns about children and young people’s development. To prevent a child or young person being neglected or in risk of harmful situations such as violence, drugs or alcohol misuse you can deliver early intervention. This is a support system for children with developmental disabilities or delays and their families. If someone recognises a child or young person getting hurt/abused by parents/family then they should respond to it by calling the social services. That way they can deal with the abuse, and take the child away from the family. Then the child couldn’t get hurt and they will be able to develop more. If you was a student and have a work placement at a nursery/ preschool and you notice that a child has bruises or is acting in a weird way, like being really quite than usual you may think that something is wrong. There are a couple of things you could do; you could ask the child if there is anything wrong if you get no answer then you could tell your supervisor or another member of staff. That way they could do something about it such as, they can ask the child what’s wrong or they could contact the parents. In the case study the family live in a flat right next to an industrial estate which is letting off lots of chemicals and polluting to air, and the children can’t go out to play because of that, it could make them really ill. The parents could go/talk to the council about getting a council house, and then the children can go out and play to get exercise to help them to develop. These are some ways of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development.

Different Organisational Structures And Culture Commerce Essay

Different Organisational Structures And Culture Commerce Essay This report will discuss the performance of individuals and groups within organisations. It will investigate the connections among the structure and culture of organisations and how these work together and affect the performance of employees; it will also explain the effect of different leadership styles with in different organisations. A comparative analysis will also be inducted, using four companies namely British Airways, Southwest Airline, Coca Cola Company and Tesco. Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture. Organisational structures: Organisational structure is transition to the continuum of commandment of an organisation and how each sections of this hierarchy work together to attain the aims and objectives of the organisation.(Meese, 2012) An organisation structure is the way the business is set up. This includes lines of communication and span of control. It helps the business run effectively giving a visual picture of the organisation. Managers and employees are in charge with different task to complete and by completing their task they can improve organisation aims and objectives. There are different types of organisational structures such as tall and flat. A flat organisation has a small number of levels or just one level of management were the sequence of commandment is from the top to the bottom, it is short and the span of control is extensive. It can be suggested that British Airways organisational structure is flat as it suggests that its management starts from the top to the bottom, it is not too long and the span of control is broad. British Airways manager has lots of employees reporting to them. Their organisation structure is divided into different departments which are planning, investment and alliances, commerce, ground operation, engineering, flight operation, finance, law, and human resource. These departments have responsibility to ensure standard and supervising of performance. See British Airways organisational structure chart in (Appendix 1). A tall organisational structure have many levels of management among the executives and the front line employees, where the structure from top to bottom is long and the span of control is not too broad, it can be suggested that the Coca Cola Company possesses a tall organisational structure. Coca Cola has two operating groups that is bottling investments and corporate and operating groups in about all continents. See Coca Colas organisational structure chart in (Appendix 2). Organisational culture: The organisational culture consists of the essential assumption, thoughts; principles and standard which are together with other members of an organisation come out from the history and tradition of an organisation. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) Organisational culture includes of premises that members share and hold in common. It involves structural permanence and entrenched all over the organisations languages. People can tell about an organisations culture by look at what staffs are wear, what time they come to work and even by how office space is distributed. The culture will be affecting from and have influenced on leadership and management styles and it will play a most important role in customer fulfilment. An organisations culture summarise what it has been good at and what has worked in the past. Every organisation has different cultures such as: Role Culture: This is suitable to a hierarchy organisational structure. This type of culture works well in employees performance on the role that he/she has been programmed and relates with the rules and regulations of the organisation. Task Culture: This culture gives confidence for people to work as a team; this works well in a leading structure. Power Culture: This works great in a matrix structure. It is found around one prevailing individual or manager. Person Culture: this culture considers on providing administrative assist and backing and shut consideration to one individual in the organisation. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) In British Airways marketing combine with the extremely visible organisation culture experienced by passengers. The culture is actually what customers buy. It is a great example in which the physical type, such as seating and food, are implanted. Developing an effective service culture moves British Airways forward of its challengers or competitors, their culture can be viewed in the performance of cabin employees on board. See British Airways organisational culture in (Appendix 3) and the Coca Cola Company adopt two types of cultures such as, role culture and task culture see Coca Cola organisational culture in (Appendix 4). Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business Organisational structure is the hierarchical phases of an organisation; the structure provides rule and strategy on agreement and employee responsibilities and affects the organisation culture. An organisations culture is a recognisable, together held combination of opinion and values, as well as the types of employees relationships and ways of responsibilities to do things inside the organisation. Organisational structure impacts on organisation culture through authority, organising and encouraging employees to efforts and work together to attain company aims and objectives. Organisational structure and culture have an effect on employee performance, motivation, satisfaction and relationships. Refereeing to British Airways and Southwest Airline organisational structure is the method by which BA and Southwest Airline communicate, deal out responsibility and compatible to change. By organisational structure both airline can use resources to attain its goals. They keep its structure a ctive so that it can react to the things that impact organisational structure. However, most important thing that impacts organisational structure is the development. As a company develops, the impact on the structure of the organisation is important. This can be mostly true when organisation start to become larger, for example when British Airway and Southwest Airline start to obtain bigger to other geographic regions and the structure of their organisation will increase over. Also customer needs have an impact in businesses, because customer service is important in business, that is why many companies have make complete separation devoted to customer service and maintenance. Technology can have an impact on how an organisation is structured and work. An example is computer, when computer networks develop, it became faster and easier for people to work as groups. Referring to British Airways and Southwest Airline the use computer to make reservations for customers, to keep data about airline employees and payroll are essential and important. Every organisation has its own culture. Since many employees spend more hours at their workplace, their organisations culture affects both their work and personal lives. An organisational culture mentions to the viewpoint, thought, principles and values that the employees of an organisation helps to and culture is an important facets in the success and achievement of the organisation. However, culture has positive impact on organisation, and the affects is that it motivates and satisfies their employees by encouraging loyalty to the organisation values and objectives and make employees believe valued and trusted. It can help the adaptability of an organisation by cheering innovation, customers care; tend to hold new method and technologies. Also it affects on organisation image and culture features image to be smart and attractive or unattractive and unappealing. Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations. Leadership is a method of control in which one person can join to contribute and support others in the growth and achievement of a task or duty, and it is the performing of leading others. Leadership style is the method and approach of providing way; apply plans, and attractive individuals. The three most important styles of leadership are autocratic, democratic and laissez faire. Autocratic: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want completed and how they want it performed, without attainment the recommendation of their groups see definition of the autocratic style in (Appendix 5). Autocratic style used in circumstances where control and management is needed, regularly where there is small edge for mistake. The advantages of this style are that it make less employees stress owing to increased control because manager have all responsibility for a project. The autocratic manager improves employees working speed and makes them less likely to lose and helps to make faster decision. The autocratic leadership style is useful in the following work situations See (Appendix 6) Democratic: The democratic leadership style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging people to share their ideas, and then synthesising all the available information into the best possible decision. (Mullins. L, 2005) This style engages the leader include employees in the decision making process to decide what to do and how to do it. However, the leader maintains the final decision making power. This leadership style supports the giving out of responsibility and put representation into practice. In this style manager is in charge with all main issues and decisions; welcomes feedback on the results of plans and the workplace control. The advantages of this leadership style are that it brings positivity in work environment; it make successful the plans which mean that the process of conversation and feedback reasonably results in the improved of decision making and more effectual operations; it brings creativity thoughts and decrease employee income. Laissez-faire: Is a style where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own (Mullins. L, 2005). In this style, the manager allows the employees to make the decisions and manager is not interfere but they still in charge for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are capable to investigate the situation and decide what needs to be done and how to do it. In this style no one can guilt each other if the things go wrong, but this is a style to be use when associates are completely belief and confidence in the individuals below them. For example: A management style is taken as a whole method of leadership used by the manager. The Coca Cola Company use these following management styles, but each one in different departments. There are three most important types of management styles used in Coca Cola. See (Appendix 7). On other hand Autocratic is leadership style that British Airways adopts. See (Appendix 8). Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management. Organisational theory and management theory is applied in several facets of a working business. Lots of people try hard to stick to the theory because it helps them to become successful and better at their jobs. Management is a very important function in all organisations. It is attaining things complete through and with other individuals to attain needed goals by efficiently using available resources. There are five major strands of thoughts: Scientific management: Scientific management became popular in the early 1900s and it was introduced by Frederick w. Taylor (Meese. 2012). The scientific method works as an objective and focuses on new ways of doing jobs. Management science attempts to apply this same approach in dealing with problems that arise within business operations. Its use as a problem solving approach finds applications in areas such as decision-making, design processes and strategic planning and problem could be get rid of by developing a science of management. Classical administration (Bureaucracy): Classical management theory was introduced by Max Weber (Meese, 2012). The term is used to explain the scientific management and general administrative theorists. Organisations use this management to deal with issues in management, including effects, top value, charges decrease and to manage employee relationships. This approach used by many small business holders to growth and improve their organisation and to attain something. One of the benefits of this approach is an understandable organisational hierarchy with divide management stages, where each management group has its individual aim and responsibilities. The top management is generally the directors or the chief executives. The Middle management direct is the supervisors. At the bottom stage are the supervisors who handle each days performances. The other half of classical theory is bureaucracy and is generally found in big organisation. The importance of bureaucracy means that it is often studied separately from classical ma nagement, which the information are taken from practical experience. Human relations approach: The human relation approach was introduced by Elton Mayo (Meese. S, 2012).This approach takes nearly the contradictory turn on management. They make sure that the location they work in is fully secure and safe; and to make sure that the employees are did not have their physical or mental health support as a consequence of their working environment. Organisations are use this approach to getting better the self-confidence of their employees and this would include a huge stage of support and acknowledgment for the work that they are doing. Systems approach: The system approach to organisation was developed at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relation in the 1950 (Meese. M, 2012) It is a set of linked parts performing together to achieve some aim and goal which be in the environment. The systems approach is an idea which shows a company as a unified useful system that includes of some business sections. It is an approach which lets the management to see the company as a joint part. Such a system may allow the management to successfully decide the long-term objectives of the organisation. Contingency approach: Handy (1987) suggested a contingency approach to leadership (BPP Learning Media, 2010). The contingency approach distinguish that organisational systems are related with their environment and that different environments require different organisational relationships for effective performance of the organisation. Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations. Management theories are very important because it is contribute to make all employees more creative in organisation. The aims are to increase efficiency and to getting a group of persons to attain a specific aim. There are many benefits of management theories and one of the benefits is that it helps managers and employees to identify how to manage and deal with matters that may exist in the organisation. With management theories organisations can balance every days task. However, management theory is not just about to train managers how motivate employees to be more creative, it also shows managers how to be good leader. For example Coca Cola Company and Tesco use management theories to make their employees more creative: Coca Cola use scientific management and in each work they have its own requirement and appoint each character on the base of work explanation. They chose the greatest way to achieve the job and they split work equally among the management and the top management give confidence their employees and help them to improve organisation. In other hand Tesco use scientific management to bring up to date their employees knowledge to maintain profitable ability and make them revolve in working areas. Tesco offer training to employees that will give them the chance to obtain on another stage, also it give managers and employees the experience to their work and opportunity to growth their careers. Coca Cola Company use classical approach to tell their employees how to do their job in a way that obtains the job done. They use this approach to deal with the problems that arise in their company and to find well way for their organisation implementing and management. Also it recommends the growth of measured methods for performing the jobs and the individuals are train to work faster and better. Tesco also use classical management because this theory sees Tescos structure and places importance on development of their work and the principals of their management and employees behaviour. Also they use to understand how the methods of working the organisation use and consequently how to improve them. The human relation approach takes almost the opposite roll on Coca Cola management because this method considers more on the employees themselves and their needs and wants. It is theory that if the Coca Cola management is to find the most excellent and most comfortable way for the employees to work, this will help them with a great level of working behaviour, ethic and efficiency. Tesco has a human relations approach to business. This approach is quite unofficial and Tesco knows the significance of keeping their staffs happy. Administrative management Coca Cola and Tescos managers have power to take decisions. All the employees in both organisations are well-organised. All the departments of both organisations help with each other for the improvement of the organisation. Coca-Cola use system approach and the systems aims are: to help from inside the organisation, to increase employees attitude for the future, to make managers accountable for growth attempt, and to make employees eventually in charge for their improvement. Same as Coca Cola, Tesco use this approach to create a well-organised organisation. Tesco create the system to be identified by the employees in order for them to hold their works and improved. Contingency theory is very important in Coca Cola Company because it contributes them to the achievement of organisational objective in different type of circumstances. It can also help close relationships between their employees and leaders grow more simply. The theory let their leaders to identify the particular works they are responsible. Tesco also suggest using this approach because it states that their structure has important authority on the organisational performance and it highlights their structure and help them to the attainment of their organisation aim and goal. Conclusion: After studying and a analysing the results of this report show that there are a number of different organisational structures each with their benefits. The most suitable structure will depend on the size and type of business. Flat structures work best for small businesses or those with a small number of job roles and a business with a flat organisational structure require to make sure that each managers length of control does not become too broad so that they cannot manage their direct reports efficiently. Culture within an organisation is very important, playing a great role in whether or not the organisation is a happy and healthy place to work. Leadership style is belonging up the roll of the specific system that is a ready to follow. The achievements are belongs up on leaders procedure and purpose to attain the aim. Leader has long term or short term plan to attain the goals. Management is about getting things done. Organisational managers should require the skills to inspire and control others. Depending upon the situations, leaders will use different leadership styles. Management theory is applied in several facets of a working business and it is a very important function in all organisations. It supports to complete through and achieve goals successfully. There are five major strands of thoughts such as scientific management, classical administration, human relations approach, systems approach and contingency approach. Recommendation: This recommendation allowing British Airways and Coca Cola to develop and distribute their departmental chain of command to everyone so that the managers and their responsibilities are clearly understood by everyone. Communication is one of the most powerful tools an organisation has to work with, and communication regarding the structure of both organisations can help them to reduce confusion and make more efficient the process. In order to address the leadership on organisation in specific, and in developing or emerging organisation in wide-ranging, it is hereto recommended that the leadership should constantly be seen as a belief and be responsible for their supervision. Therefore, British Airways use autocratic, it can be recommended to use democratic and Laissez-faire leadership styles as well. Tesco and Southwest Airline are doing will on their organisational behaviour so there no recommendation for them to change or improve any things.

Mother Doesnt Know Best Essays -- Personal Narrative Profile Essays

Mother Doesn't Know Best As a little girl, I was sure that a good parent would allow me to eat all the cookies in the cookie jar or buy me toys at Toys R Us. When I got a little older, I figured that a good parent would let me stay up past ten o'clock on school nights. Then I became a teenager and I felt that a good parent would buy me a car and let me be independent. According to these definitions of a "good parent," my parents always fell short. It wasn't until I became a parent that I began to understand what a good parent really is. My two-year old daughter taught me this lesson in her simple childlike manner. Having church at eleven o'clock is difficult for our family. Church time is play time, followed by lunch, and ending with naps. Needless to say, we always struggle during that first hour before we can deposit both Jenny Beth and Juliana into the nursery for the remaining two hours. I admit, it's crazy to expect a one-year-old and a two-year-old to sit quietly through an hour of inspirational talks that they consider boring. Nevertheless, we attend church as a family. This particular Sunday was no different. "Mommy, look! Taylor! Taylor!" Jenny Beth said excitedly to me during the church service. She wasn't using her whispering church voice as we had rehearsed on several occasions. Needless to say, I was a bit exasperated and embarrassed. Besides, I knew that Scott and Joy Rowe, Taylor's parents, were sitting a few rows over. I had seen them enter and sit down. Their one-year-old daughter, Taylor, was in Scott's arms. I had even discreetly waved to them. Hastily, I rummaged through the diaper bag and retrieved two tattered and torn books that were well-loved and well-gnawed by my two daughters. These were... ...t only believes in her children but believes them as well. A good parent can admit when she's wrong and acknowledge when her children are right. A good parent says, "I'm sorry." After church was over, I went to Jenny, my smart two-year old, and hugged her. I told her that I was sorry and asked for her forgiveness. She hugged me back and kissed my lips. She had completely forgotten what she was mad about only moments earlier. Accustomed to being told to say "Sorry," she misunderstood my apology and said, "Horry(sorry), Mommy." My eyes filled with tears. She was so merciful. "Let's go nursery, Mommy!" she said with anticipation. I felt like a good parent again. I was still the mother that day; however, I played another role, as well. I was a student in my daughter's classroom. She taught me a valuable lesson about parenthood. Mother does not always know best.