Psychosocial Development - 1888 Words

Stage one is called trust versus mistrust and ranges in ages from 0 to 2. Erikson believed that this stage is centered around the following question; â€Å" is the world safe and predictable or dangerous and chaotic?†. Erikson believed that during the first couple years of an infants life it is important for the infant to learn that caregivers can be trusted to provide what the infant needs. This helps the child to develop a sense that the world is trustworthy. If there was a scenario where the child was not properly taken care of in the first couple years then the child may develop a form of mistrust and the world may seem unpredictable and the people who are supposed to love and care for the child may be undependable. When this stage is†¦show more content†¦During the third stage it is important for the children to make judgement and start planning their actions. Children will also start to asert more power to the world around them. During this stage the caregiver should encourage the child to explore and begin making important decisions. The children that are successful at this stage, merge with a sense of initiative. But the children that are not successful may merge with a sense of guilt. A positive example would be my husband. He has a lot of initiative and his mother told me when he was four he wanted to do and try everything himself. A negative example would be my brother. He refused to try at anything. He always says its too hard for him and that he needs help. He never wants to play with anyone or if he does he has to be the one to pick the game. He does have a huge imagination though. Stage 4 is ranged from ages 5 to 12 and has the main question asked â€Å" How can I be good?†. Erickson considers this stage industry vs. inferiority. During this stage children focus on developing a sense of competence (the ability to do something successfully). As children mature they are able to tackle more complex tasks. They also become i nterested in becoming masterful and accomplished. They show interest in learning new things. You should praise children for their accomplishments. Because of praising children willShow MoreRelatedWhat is Psychosocial Development?948 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is psychosocial development? Psychosocial development is development on a social realm. Psychosocial development is how one develops their mind, maturity level, and emotions over the course of one’s life. The rate of development depends on different factors such as biological processes as well as environmental factors. A man named Erik Erikson who was a psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood successes and failures were responsible for influencing later developmental stages developedRead MorePsychosocial Theory of Development922 Words   |  4 Pages We all go through stages of development in which we change and mature into adults. Throughout our life we are constantly going to be changing either biologically or psychologically. We know that our brain a very important and vital component in our body, that helps us in our day to day things. Just like our body our brain also goes through change. We become more intellectual than we were when we were younger. Many psychologists have tried to study and understand how our brain process and developsRead MoreThe Stages of Psychosocial Development1251 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the first psychosocial stage test back in 1975, Erikson figured that how a mother and father look after their child is a major factor in determining how much trust the child will place in their parents. (1998-11734-016). At this time in life, humans are very dependent, and practically helpless with everything. We have to rely on other people for everything from food, to clothing, to bathroom needs, and in this ca se, affection. The main issue of this stage is Trust vs. Mistrust. ObviouslyRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory And Psychosocial Development1561 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant to further understand human behavior. However, this paper will focus on only two theories which are; Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Alfred Adler’s Adlerian theory. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development has always been a great contribution to the field of psychology by Erik Erikson (Berk, 2007). Erikson suggested that everyone experiences a series of psychosocial stages instead of psychosexual stages as proposed by Sigmund Freud. Despite the fact that Erikson disagreed with SigmundRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreThe Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development814 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Selection Rational Understanding the eight stages of psychosocial development in a practical sense is vital to building a healthy student teacher relationship. I selected this theory to gain an understanding of how to effectively interact with my future students. This theory refines my ability to identify and gage my student’s unique psychological developmental progress. A deeper understanding of this enables me the ability to identify key developmental milestones and improve my lesson plansRead MoreThe Psychosocial Theory Of Human Development832 Words   |  4 PagesA third development theory that I will discuss is called the â€Å"Psychosocial Theory.† The psychosocial developmental theory emerged from the work of psychologist Erik Erikson. Erikson argued that human development was influenced by social experiences that take place through eight stages. In fact, Erikson’s theory was influenced by his experience in analyzing and studying of various types of people from various ba ckgrounds and culture. Thus, Erikson believed that human life evolved through experiencingRead MoreBruno Bettelheim and Psychosocial Development1807 Words   |  8 PagesBruno Bettelheim and Psychosocial Development The psychological aspect of the human mind is one of the most mysterious and unpredictable entities known to man. Bruno Bettelheim is an Austrian-born American child psychologist and writer that gained international recognition for his blatant views on the psychological development of children. Bettelheim firmly believed that fairy tales contributed to the molding of a childs unconscious and conscious mind, and the childs entire psych as a whole.Read MoreThe Development Theory : Erik Erikson Psychosocial Development982 Words   |  4 Pagesshown in Appendix B. Theories The development theory chosen was Erik Erikson psychosocial development. The focus was on two of the eight stages, which includes adolescents (12 to 18 years) - identity vs. identity diffusion, and young adults (18 to 35 years) - intimacy vs. isolation. According to Papalia, Feldman, Martorell (2012), Erik Erikson stated that during the identity vs. identity diffusion stage, the adolescent must determine own sense of self. Development at this point in life depends onRead MoreEarly Childhood Psychosocial Development Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages The development starts from infant until old age. Childhood is a time of tremendous change, but people also continue to grow slowly and develop during adulthood. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence. These developmental changes may be influenced by genetic factor, environment factor and maturation factor. There are three types of human development changes: physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Our group member’s choice is psychosocial development

Boston Beer Analysis Free Essays

string(282) " His actions and goals are seen laid out in all of the company’s press releases and the company is continuing to be grown and maintained the same as it always has been with the exception of Boston Beer Company running its own breweries instead of subcontracting out their orders\." Matthew Schreck Management 511: Financial Decision Making Boston Beer Company April 18, 2013 Amelia Drobile Boston Beer Company History and Financial Position Boston Beer Company (SAM) is a brewery in Massachusetts most commonly known for its Samuel Adams line of â€Å"craft† beers. The Samuel Adams line of beer was introduced in 1985. Since then the company has grown to do over 580 million dollars in revenue each year. We will write a custom essay sample on Boston Beer Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now 580 million is a very small piece of the food and beverage industry but the amount of shareholder wealth they are providing is impressive. Boston Beer Company has been named one of the top publically traded businesses to watch in 2013 by Forbes. Boston Beer Company is actually part of two markets. In the overall U. S. Beer market they have a mere one percent of the market. However, they own 22% of the craft beer market. In their industry, 66% of those competing in the craft brew market are brewpubs, which generally do not do mass distribution giving Boston Beer Company an edge. (Smith, 2011) Boston Beer Company has one major difference from its competitors. The company has no debt. The entire company runs on cash even though they have a 50 million dollar line of credit available to them, which they have never used. The company purchased Diageo’s Pennsylvania Brewery in June of 2008 for 55 million dollars cash so that they could produce 100% of their product without having to subcontract larger orders out. Boston Beer Company is capitalized with no bonds or preferred stock, only 13. 6 million shares of common stock. (Smith, 2011) Boston Beer Company’s cost of capital is 6. 60% since their weighted cost of equity is 6. 60% and their weighted cost of debt is 0. 00%. Market Grader Inc. , 2013) Price to Revenue Ratio (Price to Sales) Boston Beer Company’s price to revenue ratio (TTM) is 3. 54 The price to revenue ratio is usually applied in place of the price to earnings ratio. This ratio is usually applied to companies within the same industry, however it excludes debt and expenses so the information the ratio provides is limited. Price to Cash Flow Ratio The current price to cash flow ratio for Boston Beer Company is 25. 76. The price to cash flow ratio is used to evaluate the price of a company’s stock as compared to the amount of cash flow it generates. The price to cash flow ratio is important for one main reason, it allows the comparison of companies from different jurisdictions because it removes depreciation (which may vary by country) and other non-cash factors. Therefore, it would allow an investor to compare Boston Beer Company’s stock to that of AB InBev along similar financial values. Price to Book Ratio (MRQ) The price to book ratio for Boston Beer Company is 8. 34. The price to book ratio measures a company’s market value in comparison to its book value. The price to book ratio indicates whether or not a company’s asset value is comparable to the market price of it’s stock. Because the price to book ratio for Boston Beer Company is well over one it may be an indicator that the stock is overvalued. An over valued stock for Boston Beer Company could imply the rapid decline in stock value in the near future, especially since the stock has climbed almost 25% in the last quarter alone. With the book value ratio as high as it is, a drop in stock price seems likely in the near future. Current Ratio (MRQ) Boston Beer Company’s current ratio is 1. 83. Current ratio is defined by a company’s current assets divided by is current liabilities. A company’s current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company’s ability to pay short-term obligations. This ratio also takes into account inventory as current assets, although it may easily be converted into cash quickly. Because Boston Beer Company’s ratio is well over one, it means they have the assets and cash flows available to pay off any immediate debt should it be made due. The company’s amount of inventory provides a great deal of assets that makes the company much more liquid when this formula is used. Quick Ratio (MRQ) The quick ratio for Boston Beer Company is 1. 33. A company’s quick ratio is an indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. This ratio is a more conservative form of the current ratio because it does not take into account inventory of the company when determining its current assets. Boston Beer Company still has a favorable ratio well above 1. 0. While their current ratio is much better with all the inventory, Boston Beer Company is still a reliable company that can pay off its short term debts if need be. Measuring Returns Primary Stakeholders Boston Beer Company has five primary stakeholders within company, Martin F. Roper (President and CEO), C. James Koch (Founder and Chairman), William F. Urich (CFO and Treasurer), John C. Geist (Vice President of Sales), and Thomas W. Lance (Vice President of Operations). Of the five of them C. James Koch holds more than 34% of the shares and is the sole holder of the class B common stock that gives him the right to appoint five of the eight members that are chosen to be on the board as seen in the following quote from the 2013 Proxy Statement. At the Annual Meeting you will be asked to elect three Class A Directors and cast an advisory vote on executive compensation. As the sole holder of Class B Common Stock, I will elect five Class B Directors and cast a vote to ratify the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm. † (Boston Beer Company, Inc. , 2013) While Koch may have stepped down from CEO in 2001 he has maintained a great interest in his company and has positioned himself to have great control over the Company with his position as Chairman of the Board. His actions and goals are seen laid out in all of the company’s press releases and the company is continuing to be grown and maintained the same as it always has been with the exception of Boston Beer Company running its own breweries instead of subcontracting out their orders. Capital Budgeting Boston Beer Company runs just like any cash business. They have no money tied up in debt and any investment they make is paid for in cash. There is an upside and downside to this method of running a company. On the upside, the company is very liquid, meaning they can pay for most investments on the spot without accruing any debt. However, no debt might deter some investors from buying into the company. Having no debt throws off a company’s ratios in comparison with other companies within the industry and can make it difficult for investors to trust in the company. A typical investment for Boston Beer Company would be opening a new brewery or purchasing an existing one to help the company keep up with the demands for their products. The acquisition of the Diageo brewery 60 miles outside of Philadelphia in 2008 was the company’s most recent investment. Since the purchase, Boston Beer Company has been pouring tens of millions of dollars into the facility that used to employ 220 people to make Smirnoff and now employs 260 people to brew Sam Adams. â€Å"Boston Beer’s Breinigsville facility employs 260, up from 220 workers when the plant was purchased from Diageo. † (Richardson, 2012) Boston Beer Company now has three breweries. They are located in Cincinnati, Ohio, Breinigsville, Pennsylvania, and Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Beer Company has been weary to invest in the western half of the U. S. because they believe the craft beer market is oversaturated and they will not have much success, however, some market specialists believe they should do a trial batch with a brewery in the western market and measure real results. The only real measure of value for Boston Beer is the volume being sold. Boston Beer used to lease brewery locations in order to brew according to their demand. Within the last five years the demands for craft beers have grown significantly especially among the younger alcohol consuming demographic that is looking for something more the generic beer taste of the three big beer companies, Anheuser Busch InBev, MillerCoors, and Pabst. Boston Beer Company no longer has the need to lease other breweries after the purchase of the Diageo brewery. Now that they have the capacity to brew their own beer and staff accordingly Boston Beer Company has not only added value to the company, but have positioned them self to expand as the demands for their products continue to increase. The only place that Boston Beer Company seems to be struggling with is the money that they are leaving sit idle. While the company is very profitable and is run as a cash business, some of their cash flows could be invested to generate a better return than they are currently getting. Strategy and Governance The Boston Beer Company is currently governed by a board consisting of eight members. The board consists of C. James Koch, David A. Burwick, Pearson C. Cummin III, Cynthia A. Fisher, Jay Margolis, Martin F. Roper, Gregg A. Tanner, and Jean-Michael Valette. The board has a committee that reviews the current members of the board at least annually and determines what characteristics and skills should be sought in new board members to be elected. Board members for the Boston Beer Company board members are asked to limit the number of boards they are on in order to keep them focused. â€Å"The Chairman of the Board and the Chairman of the Nominating/Governance Committee should be advised in advance of a director’s intention to accept an invitation to serve on another board† (Boston Beer Company, Inc. , 2013) Management Boston Beer Company’s executives have deep roots within the company. C. James Koch founded the company in 1984 and was Chief Executive Officer up until 2001 when he stepped down and became Chairman of the Board. Martin F. Roper the President and Chief Executive Officer replaced C. James Koch as CEO in 2001. Martin F. Roper has been with the company since 1994 when he was hired as Vice President of Operations. In 1997 he became Chief Operating Officer and in 1999 he became the President of Boston Beer Company. William F. Urich is the CFO and Treasurer since 2003. Before joining Boston Beer Company Mr. Urich served as Vice President of Finance and Business Development for United Distilleries Vinters from 1998 to 2000. From 2001 to 2003 Mr. Urich was Chief Financial Officer for Acirca, Inc. John C. Geist, the Vice President of Sales has been with the company since 1998 when he was first brought on as the National Sales Manager. He was made Vice President of Sales in February of 2007. David L. Grinell has been the Vice President of Brewing since 2008. Prior to that he started working as the Manager of Brewing Operations in 1988 before being promoted to Director of Brewing and Quality in 2001. The Vice president of Operations, Thomas W. Lance, joined the company in 2007 after leaving the Executive Vice President of Operations position at Ken’s Foods. A position which he held for five years. Ai-Li Lim is the Vice President of Human Resources. She joined the company in February of 2012 after leaving Vistaprint USA, Inc. as Senior Director of Human Resources. Robert P. Pagano, the Vice President of Brand Development joined the company in 2011. Prior to joining Boston Beer Company Mr. Pagano was the Managing Director at the brand strategy firm, Red Sky Insights, LLC, for five years. Kathleen H. Wade is the Vice President-Legal and Corporate Secretary. She joined the company in 1999 as Corporate Legal Director and Corporate Secretary. She became Secretary of the company in 2010 and was appointed to the vice president position in 2012. Average Ceo Compensation In This Industry Industry Range Salary686. 8K Bonus871. 2K Total Short Term Compensation1. 0M Total Value of Options4. 9M Key Executive Compensation Boston Beer Company, Inc. SAM Name/Title 20082009201020112012 Key Executive Compensation10,037,7063,868,6674,181,5019,897,5693,718,707 Martin F. Roper/President and Chief Executive Officer ,415,9181,049,3031,094,238933,8181,052,493 William F. Urich/Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer 834,313766,768938,3183,437,998599,363 C. James Koch/Chairman of the Board 589,496546,005836,895754,163817,949 Thomas W. Lance/Vice President, Operations 449,636858,643479,857693,401721,454 John C. Geist/Vice President, Sales 748,343647,948832,1934,078,189527,448 *A publicly-traded company is only required to disclose information concerning the amount and type of compensation paid to its CEO, CFO, and the three other most highly compensated executive officers in a given year. Information about compensation for these individuals may be unavailable in prior years if they were not in their current roles or did not qualify as among the most highly compensated officers at the time. (MorningStar, 2013) For the most part Boston Beer Company pays below the industry average with the exception of the executive bonuses that certain members of upper management received for reaching certain sales goals. Boston Beer Company is not nearly as large as the other beer conglomerates so it is expected that their executive compensation would be to scale. Corporate Social Responsibility Boston Beer Company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) is heavily mandated by the government. Because they deal in the alcoholic beverage industry there are numerous amounts of taxes and laws restricting their advertising and sales. â€Å"The alcoholic beverage industry is regulated by federal, state and local governments. These regulations govern the production and distribution of alcoholic beverages, including permitting, licensing, marketing and advertising, distributor relationships, sales, environmental, and occupational health and safety issues. To operate its breweries, the Company must obtain and maintain numerous permits, licenses and approvals from various governmental agencies, including the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, the Food and Drug Administration, state alcohol regulatory agencies and state and federal environmental agencies. † (Boston Beer Company, Inc. , 2013) Growth and Opportunity Boston Beer Company has grown significantly in the last decade. It has grown organically through increasing sales and demand from their marketing campaigns. It has also grown a great deal through acquiring two more breweries, one in Ohio and one in Pennsylvania in addition to the original Massachusetts brewery. Boston Beer Company is known primarily for its Samuel Adams line of â€Å"craft† beers however they also compete in other segments of the alcoholic beverage industry for those that don’t prefer beer. Boston Beer Company also makes Twisted Tea and Angry Orchard Cider. The concept of making several types of beverages allows Boston Beer Company to be more diversified and attract more sales by appealing to a larger demographic by providing a wider selection of products. Boston Beer Company has what most market analysts would call a â€Å"niche market†, meaning they will never produce a large scale generic beer like the big three beer companies (Anheuser Busch InBev, Miller, and Coors). So the need to diversify is not a necessity for survival or growth for the Boston Beer Company. Of the three major lines of alcoholic beverages the company produces, there are 56 varieties of them combined. Boston Beer Company essentially has it’s own market because 66% of their competitors are brewpubs that do not mass distribute. The only thing limiting Boston Beer Company other than its sales are it’s distribution network. Since the firm operates entirely on cash the value of the company has skyrocketed. Boston Beer Company has plenty of capital to reinvest in itself and increase shareholder wealth all while maintaining a balance sheet with minimal debt. Boston Beer has grown by leaps and bounds over the last decade, which is reflected by their total sales, volume of product produced (measured in barrels), and price per share, which is currently leveling out around $166. 00 per share. While companies like Anheuser Busch InBev have a much larger market cap (157. 93B) compared to Boston Beer Company (2. 1B), Anheuser Busch InBev’s price per share is only $98. 78. The overall value to the shareholders for Boston Beer Company is much greater because of the way the business operates and finances its investments. The company finances everything without debt controlling the company’s resources carefully and allowing rapid growth. Boston Beer Company will be one of the premiere firms to watch ove r the next decade to see how they will combat the much larger competitors within the industry as they try to compete in the craft beer market. References Smith, B. (2011, August 30). Buffett-Munger Screener Highlight – Boston Beer Company (Sam). Retrieved from Guru Focus website: http://www. gurufocus. com/news/144123/buffettmunger-screener-highlight–boston-beer-company-sam Market Grader Inc. (2013, March 30). Boston Beer Co. , Inc.. Retrieved from Market Grader Inc website: http://www. marketgrader. com/MG. Services/servlet/pdf. PDFServer? ticker=SAM Boston Beer Company, Inc. (2013). Proxy Statement 2013. Retrieved from Boston Beer Company website: http://www. bostonbeer. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=69432p=irol-overview Richardson, T. (2012, January 27). Boston Beer pouring millions into Lehigh Valley. Retrieved from The Morning Call Website: http://articles. mcall. om/2012-01-27/business/mc-allentown-boston-beer-20120127_1_craft-beers-samuel-adams-beer-yuengling Boston Beer Company, Inc. (2013) Corporate Governance Guidelines. Retrieved from Boston Beer Company website: http://www. bostonbeer. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=69432p=irol-governance MorningStar. (2013, April 18). Boston Beer Company, Inc. Class A (SAM). Retrieved fro m MorningStar website: http://insiders. morningstar. com/trading/executive-compensation. action? t=SAM Boston Beer Company, Inc. (2012) 10-K Annual Report 2012. Retrieved from Boston Beer Company website: http://www. bostonbeer. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=69432p=irol-overview How to cite Boston Beer Analysis, Papers

Wireless Network Security and Preventive Methods

Question: Describe about the wireless network security and prevention methods. Answer: Introduction Background Wireless networks are one of the major issues in computing and information technology that are prone to many security threats and attacks. This area of wireless networks involves information transfer hence needs security to ensure that an organizations information is not breached. Wireless networks can be secured through many different means as discussed in this essay. Scope of engagement This essay looks into the threats that wireless networks are likely to face. On top of that, the essay also discusses the different ways that can be applied to deal with the threats and also more on preventive measures, which are meant to make sure that security attack issues do not occur. Tools used In doing a research on wireless network security and preventive methods, the scope of a local area network was applied. The different tools used are the ones used locally in the network. This tools include personal computers, switches, and the network itself. Other tools for communication within the local area network were also considered. Summary of findings Impact in life Anantvalee Wu (2007) explain what it takes to go remote for the most part, which makes use of an access point for a web like a DSL modem or a link to a remote switch. This action transmits a sign through the air up to a maximum of one hundred feet. Any device that is within the hundred feet coverage can get the sign from the air and access the web. If no precautionary measures are taken, any person close can make use of the system. The implication is that nearby programmers or other persons could piggyback the system or access information in the device. When approved individual makes use of the system to carry out an unauthorized activity or send malicious software, the action could be followed back to the record. Use Encryption on the Wireless Network When you go remote, you ought to scramble the data you send to the remote system, so that close-by aggressors cannot listen stealthily on these interchanges. Encryption scrambles the data sent into a code for it not to be open to others. Making use of encryption is the best approach to secure the system from intruders. Two primary types of encryption are used for this reason: Wi-Fi Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). The personal computer, switch and other gadgets used must make use of the same encryption. WPA2 is the most grounded and its use is applied on the rare chance that a decision is made. This encryption algorithm protects the network against general programmers. WEP encryption algorithm is also utilized by some more seasoned switches, in which there is no shielding against some particular programs for hacking. Another switch with WPA2 capacity can be purchased (Shin, Ma, Mishra Arbaugh, 2006). Access should be allowed to specific gadgets to gain access to the remote system. Every device that speaks with a system is an example of a Media Access Control (MAC) address. In most cases, remote switches have a system that allows specific gadgets with particular MAC locations to get access to the system. Many programmers have made use of the MAC addresses, so its dependence alone is not good. Secure the Router It is additionally vital to shield the system from assaults over the web by keeping the switch secure. The switch coordinates activity between the nearby system and the web. Along these lines, it is the first line of safeguard for guarding against such assaults. If you do not find a way to secure the switch, outsiders could access delicate individual or money related data on the gadget. Outsiders additionally could seize control of the switch, to direct the network to deceitful sites. A change of the switch name from the default one is required. The identifier of the switch, commonly referred to as the administration set identifier (SSID) is a standard that means a default ID that is allocated by the producer. The name should be changed to another one that no other person knows. Follow the recent advancements in technology: To ensure security, the accompanying product to the switch needs periodic updating. Before placing another switch, one should visit the site of the marker to see if there are variants of the product to download. Finding out about the most recent form, enroll the switch with the maker and sign up to get upgrades. What's more, after securing the switch, keep in mind to secure the PC as well. Utilize the same fundamental PC security rehearses that for any PC are associated with the web. For instance, use assurances like antivirus, antispyware, and a firewall - and stay up with the latest. Change the name of the home remote system When the home remote system has been set up, you have to change the SSID (Service Set Identifier). This is the name of the home system, the name other cell phones will see when attempting to associate with the Internet by utilizing the remote system from the home. The reason that a change of its name is needed is entirely simple to figure. Altering the name expands the trouble for a programmer to access the system. For the most part, switch makers allot the name of the organization that delivered the switch and it could be something like "Linksys", "Cisco" or "Belkin" (Anantvalee Wu, 2007). If the SSID is not adjusted, a programmer has a superior shot of breaking into a system, just by knowing the producer of the switch. Utilize this manual for roll out the vital improvements. Also, one additionally thing identified with this progression: Do not use the name or the family name so as to abstain from being recognized as the proprietor of the system. This is another point of interest that could give favorable position for a potential programmer or for an online criminal that may endeavor a data fraud operation. Pick a reliable and exceptional secret word for the remote system The remote switch comes pre-set with a default secret key. The issue is that this secret default word is anything but difficult to figure by programmers, particularly is they know the producer's name for the switch. At the point when setting a decent secret key for the remote system, ensure it is no less than 20 characters in length and incorporates numbers, letters, and different images. This setting will keep other individuals from getting to the system. Despite the fact that as a rule, it is nothing more genuine than some neighbor "taking" from the system transmission capacity speed, you may need to manage other all the more difficult circumstances, as online crooks that can get to the system to "tune in" to the activity information and recover touchy data. Expand the security by empowering system encryption There are a couple of well-known encryption alternatives for remote systems, as WEP, WPA, and WPA2. The last type of encryption, WPA2, is favored for its enhanced security and particularly if there is a home system. The choice to encode activity is valuable if one has to make the correspondence signals unusable for any unapproved outsider programming. As of now all remote gadgets out there bolster this innovation and it is normal information to utilize WPA2, which has a more noteworthy level of security. Impair the remote system when not at home This alternative is helpful, particularly when leaving home for broadened timeframes, for an excursion or a couple of days. This security measure, other than helping you to lessen power utilization, it will clearly stop any programmers that could tune into the system's movement or might attempt to get to it for noxious purposes. The position of setting up the switch in the house It could be a smart thought to put the remote switch as close as would be prudent to the center of the home. What's more, it's not only for each spot or room in the house to have the same access to the Internet but since you would prefer not to have the remote sign extent reach a lot outside the home, where it can be effectively gotten by programmers. Thus, don't put it excessively near a window, from where the sign can be effortlessly gotten to from outside, even at some separation, and may likewise take after our fourth govern to debilitate the switch when leaving the home. Pick a solid secret key for the system executive To set up the remote switch, generally get to an online stage or page, where adjustments are made to the system settings. As everyone knows, it is something ordinary to discover a switch with default certifications, for example, "Administrator" and "secret key" (Anantvalee Wu, 2007). Furthermore, these default login qualifications are not all that hard to break by a programmer. Most changes we do on an online stage are things like setting a solid secret key for the remote system or changing the system's name, both changes being made to guarantee a more prominent level of assurance from online offenders' noxious activities. Be that as it may if an IT criminal can get to the director stage and access the system's setup and design settings, this will demolish the day without a doubt. Stay up with the latest Consider the switch's product like whatever another programming you have on the working framework. It might be the antivirus program or whatever other application running on the framework (Xiao, Lin Du, 2007). The switch's firmware, similar to some other programming, contains defects which can get to be significant vulnerabilities unless they are immediately settled by firmware discharges from the producer. The issue is that most switches don't have the choice to introduce the most recent security upgrades and every once in a while one has to check the official site for security fixes. We should not overlook that a portion of the most noticeably bad security ruptures originated from security gaps in unpatched programs and working frameworks. Ensure the Network amid Mobile Access Applications now permit you to get to the home system from a cell phone. Before that, it is imperative to make certain that some security elements are set up. Try not to give outsiders a chance to utilize the system Secret key ensures the remote association. Turn on WEP (wired equivalency security) or WPA (Wi-Fi ensured access) on the majority of the gadgets, including the switch, the media focus, and the Microsoft Xbox stimulation framework. For more data, see Set up a security key for a remote system. Move the remote switch Place the remote access point far from windows and close to the focal point of the home to diminish the sign quality outside of the planned scope region. Conclusion In conclusion, it is imperative to comprehend that keeping all products current is important and counting the web program, with programmed upgrading. This measure is undertaken to ensure that the firewall is turned on and use antivirus and antispyware programming from a source that you trust, for example, Microsoft Security Essentials or Windows Defender (incorporated with Windows 8). Ordinarily, one can get to the switch's interface from a gadget associated with the system, yet a few switches permit to get to even from remote frameworks. To stop online programmers access to the switch's private settings, it is protected to handicap this choice in the switch's settings. References Anantvalee, T., Wu, J. (2007). A survey on intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks. InWireless Network Security(pp. 159-180). Springer US. Shin, M., Ma, J., Mishra, A., Arbaugh, W. A. (2006). Wireless network security and interworking.Proceedings of the IEEE,94(2), 455-466. Xiao, Y., Lin, Y. B., Du, D. Z. (2007). Wireless network security.EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking,2006(1), 1-2.

The Symbolism In Hills Like White Elephants Essays -

The Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants Ernest Hemingway is an incredible writer, known for what he leaves out of stories not for what he tells. His main emphasis in Hills Like White Elephants seems to be symbolism. Symbolism is the art or practice of using symbols, especially by investing things with a symbolic meaning or by expressing the invisible or intangible by means of visible or sensuous representations (WWWebster Dictionary). He uses this technique to emphasize the importance of ideas, once again suggesting that he leaves out the important details of the story by symbolizing their meaning. This short story is filled with symbolism, some of which the reader may never find. The title itself can be analyzed a lot deeper. The "hills" refers to the shape of the female body during pregnancy and the "white elephants" symbolize a property requiring much care and expense and yielding little profit (WWWebster Dictionary). The story is about a man and a woman taking a train to get an abortion. The train is supposed to show change and movement, something this couple appears to need because their life is very routine. The reader is told that there is a curtain made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The bamboo beads not only keep them from their problems (known as flies) but it also keeps their lives separate from all of the other people at the bar. Hemingway then tells the reader that the train will stop at this junction for two minutes and then go to Madrid. The train only stopping for two minutes is to show the importance of the girl's decision to have the abortion. It is a big decision and there is not that much time for her to sit around and think about it. The guy and the girl are now sitting at a bar deciding what they should drink. The girl takes off her hat and puts it on the table. This action symbolizes her putting her feelings on the table to talk about them with the man. Instead of coming straight out and talking about the problems the couple decides to drink beer. The act of consuming alcohol is another way for them to run away from their problems. Later on, the man and the woman are talking and the woman says, "They look like white elephants." He replies to her comment by saying, "I've never seen one." Knowing what we know about white elephants (their meaning of valuable things that are hard to maintain) this shows that the man has never had to deal with a situation like this. Her retort is "No, you wouldn't have." This reveals that she thinks he's a coward who has never faced a problem like this before. The couple continues to drink throughout the story. At one point the girl shows that she has some faith in what the man thinks by asking him what way they should drink their drinks, with or without water. The couple then orders two Anis del Toro. This is a new drink to the woman, so like any curious drinker she wonders what it will taste like. She hopes that the drink will taste different than others she has tried but finds that it tastes like licorice. The girl then says, "Everything tastes like licorice. Especially all the things you've waited so long for, like absinthe." When she says this it refers to how she thought that this relationship would be different than others, but once she got into it she realized that he is just like all the other guys she has dated in the past. Later in the story she adds to this feeling of repetition by saying, "That's all we do, isn't it- look at things and try new drinks." She really seems to be bored with the same things this relationship continu es to produce. Alcohol continues to be a factor in this story. Perhaps it had to do with the fact that Hemingway seemed to deal with a lot of his problems by drinking. The couple orders more drinks and continues to try and discuss the issue of the abortion. "It is really an awfully

Free Essays on Women’s Literary Production As “Intrusion On The Right Of Men”

Women’s Literary Production as â€Å"Intrusion on the Right of Men† In many of the works we have read this semester we see women struggling to break free from a system of social construct. Many of these women use there literary talent to tell their stories of intruding on the rights of men. The women use different styles of writing but are all trying to show there struggle for equality. Some of the women wrote poetry while others used autobiographies and short stories to let the world know about the corrupt system they were working in. We live in a male dominated world where women writers are trying to work with in the system of social construct in order to change the system for future generations. In this paper, I will discuss three literary works we have read this semester and demonstrate how these women are intruding on the rights of men in order to change the system. In the poem â€Å"The Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti, the idea of the male dominated society is shown in a very creative way. Rossetti uses Goblins to signify sex driven men. The poem begins with the Goblin men tempting Lizzie and Laura to come eat there plump and luscious fruits. These fruits signify the male genitalia that are very tempting to Laura but Lizzie tries everything in her power to keep her sister hidden from the goblin merchant men. The Goblin men come every night trying to take the girls virginity away. Laura undermines Lizzie’s pleas and goes to the merchant men where she sells a lock of her golden hair in order to suck the ripe fruits until her lips are sore. When she returns home she tells Laura about how wonderful the fruits were and how she longs for more. The next day, Laura goes out waiting to hear the merchants call again and Lizzie hears them but Laura never hears the calls again. The Goblin men took her virginity so they were now done with her. As time goes by Laura falls into a deep depression and she will not eat. The pure Li... Free Essays on Women’s Literary Production As â€Å"Intrusion On The Right Of Men† Free Essays on Women’s Literary Production As â€Å"Intrusion On The Right Of Men† Women’s Literary Production as â€Å"Intrusion on the Right of Men† In many of the works we have read this semester we see women struggling to break free from a system of social construct. Many of these women use there literary talent to tell their stories of intruding on the rights of men. The women use different styles of writing but are all trying to show there struggle for equality. Some of the women wrote poetry while others used autobiographies and short stories to let the world know about the corrupt system they were working in. We live in a male dominated world where women writers are trying to work with in the system of social construct in order to change the system for future generations. In this paper, I will discuss three literary works we have read this semester and demonstrate how these women are intruding on the rights of men in order to change the system. In the poem â€Å"The Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti, the idea of the male dominated society is shown in a very creative way. Rossetti uses Goblins to signify sex driven men. The poem begins with the Goblin men tempting Lizzie and Laura to come eat there plump and luscious fruits. These fruits signify the male genitalia that are very tempting to Laura but Lizzie tries everything in her power to keep her sister hidden from the goblin merchant men. The Goblin men come every night trying to take the girls virginity away. Laura undermines Lizzie’s pleas and goes to the merchant men where she sells a lock of her golden hair in order to suck the ripe fruits until her lips are sore. When she returns home she tells Laura about how wonderful the fruits were and how she longs for more. The next day, Laura goes out waiting to hear the merchants call again and Lizzie hears them but Laura never hears the calls again. The Goblin men took her virginity so they were now done with her. As time goes by Laura falls into a deep depression and she will not eat. The pure Li...

Effects of the American Revolution on Britain

Effects of the American Revolution on Britain American success in the Revolutionary War created a new nation, while British failure tore away part of the empire. Such consequences were inevitably going to have impacts, but historians debate their extent compared with those of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which would test Britain soon after their American experience. Modern readers might expect Britain to have suffered greatly as a result of losing the war, but its possible to argue that the hostilities were survived so well that Britain could fight a very long war against Napoleon soon after. Financial Effect Britain spent a huge amount of money fighting the Revolutionary War, sending the national debt soaring and creating a yearly interest of nearly 10 million pounds. Taxes had to be raised as a result. The trade that Britain had relied on for wealth was severely interrupted. Imports and exports experienced large drops and the following recession caused stocks and land prices to plummet. Trade was also affected by naval attacks from Britain’s enemies, and thousands of merchant ships were captured. On the other hand, wartime industries, such as the naval suppliers and the part of the textile industry that made uniforms, experienced a boost. Unemployment fell as Britain struggled to find enough men for the army, which caused them to hire German soldiers. British privateers experienced as much success preying on enemy merchant ships as almost any of their opponents. The effects on trade were short term. British trade with the new USA rose to the same level as trade with the colonies by 1785, and by 1792 trade between Britain and Europe had doubled. Additionally, while Britain gained an even larger national debt, it was in a position to live with it, and there were no financially motivated rebellions like those in France. Indeed, Britain was able to support several armies during the Napoleonic wars and field its own instead of paying for other people. Its been said that Britain actually prospered from losing the war. Effect on Ireland Many in Ireland opposed British rule and saw the American Revolution as a lesson to be followed and a set of brothers fighting against Britain. While Ireland had a parliament, only Protestants voted for it and the British could control it, which was far from ideal. Campaigners for reform in Ireland reacted to the struggle in America by organizing groups of armed volunteers and a boycott of British imports. The British were afraid a full-blown revolution would emerge in Ireland  and made concessions. Britain relaxed its trade restrictions on Ireland, so they could trade with British colonies and freely export wool, and reformed the government by allowing non-Anglicans to hold public office. They repealed the Irish Declaratory Act, which had secured Irelands dependence on Britain while granting full legislative independence. The result was that Ireland remained part of the British Empire. Political Effect A government that can survive a failed war without pressure is rare, and Britains failure in the American Revolution led to demands for constitutional reform. The hardcore of government was criticized for the way it had run the war and for the apparent power it had, with fears that Parliament had ceased to represent the views of the people- except for the wealthy- and was simply approving everything the government did. Petitions flooded from the Association Movement demanding a pruning of the king’s government, the expansion of voting, and a redrawing of the electoral map. Some even demanded universal manhood suffrage. The Association Movement had huge power around early 1780, and it achieved widespread support. That did not last long. In June 1780 the Gordon Riots paralyzed London for almost a week with destruction and murder. While the cause of the riots was religious, landowners and moderates were frightened away from supporting more reform and the Association Movement declined. Political machinations throughout the early 1780s also produced a government with little inclination for constitutional reform. The moment passed. Diplomatic and Imperial Effect Britain may have lost 13 colonies in America, but it retained Canada and land in the Caribbean, Africa, and India. It began to expand in these regions, building what has been called the Second British Empire, which eventually became the largest dominion in world history. Britain’s role in Europe was not diminished, its diplomatic power was soon restored, and it was able to play a key role in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars despite the loss across the sea.

Issues in Multicultural Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Issues in Multicultural Britain - Essay Example ultures and traditions; however critiques believe that multiculturalism promotes negative aspects such as riots, terrorism, ethnic division, clash of ideologies, etc (Pathak, 2008, p. 72). Britain has been a multicultural society for years but now it tends to have been failing. The national curriculum was introduced in 1988 in the United Kingdom. It was the nationwide curriculum for all the primary and secondary state schools of Britain. The curriculum has been recently revised in order to catch up with the world’s best education systems. The government has designed curriculum changes which would help the children to compete and catch up with the best. This is also referred to as the revolution in education by the Prime Minister and he believes this is vital for the economic prosperity of the country. Moreover, the new national curriculum is written by purely experts in the field, and thus it does not depend on the personal prejudices of the ministers. As the globalization is rapidly spreading all across the world, including Britain, it has become even difficult to conserve our identities. The international borders have been nullified due to the globalization and in order to ensure that the people of every religion, race, ethnic group, and culture are living in peace, the governments have introduced some reforms and legislations (Aydin, 2013, p. 58). The national curriculum is also a part of the educational reforms which covers the long history of multiculturalism and diversity in England. The curriculum includes the historic development of multiculturalism and ethnic diversity, and the progress of multiculturalism education (Pitcher, 2009, p. 24). Since Britain is shaped by a wide variety of cultures and religions, the blood alone is not the factor anymore which makes someone British. However, what it means to be British is related to the fundamental values of Britain which are present in every person living there. These values include the people’s right to

Analyzing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Change - Essay Example ld scenario is also redefining the political and economic equations that may have significant impact on the socio economic front of America in the near future. The probability cannot be discounted because history has been a witness to total extinction of great empires of the world and the civilizations that have perished without leaving any trace. Learning survival techniques from the history is not only important but necessary if we are to maintain our socio-economical supremacy in the fast changing socio economic values across the countries. According to the author, there are five factors that may have been responsible for complete disappearance of the civilization in the past: damages that the people have inflicted on their environment; climate change; enemies; changes in friendly trading partners; and the society’s political, economic and social responses to these shifts. The author has quoted the cases of fall of Polynesian and Maya civilizations. Maya civilization of Yucatan peninsula and Central America, has been one of the most advanced and highly sophisticated but by 910 A.D their societies collapsed as a result of power struggles among the various kings resulting in damages to the environment and poor management of natural resources that culminated in total wipe out of the civilization. The Polynesian societies in Pitcairn and Henderson islands, despite having vast natural resources, were destroyed mainly because of the fact that they depended on their import of canoes, crops food etc. on Mangarevan island and once the Mangarevan island trade collapsed due to environmental damages, Polynesian societies suffered the same fate and perished. On the other hand, societies in Japan, Tonga, Tikopia, New Guinea, Central and north-east Europe survived and flourished through the centuries. The main reason for this was that they anticipated the changes in environmental degradation and made efforts to combat that with appropriate strategies and innovative

The Origins of the Korean War Essay Example for Free

The Origins of the Korean War Essay The Korean peninsula used to be a unified nation until the Korean War. The book, The Origins of the Korean War by Peter, published in 1981 was among Lowe’s series of books, which among others take the Korean War or any other World War II event for his topic. In this book, the second edition of ‘The Origins of Korean War’, Lowe was convinced that the war was in fact ignited by North Korea when it initiated the attacks to South Korea. However, after a thorough discussion of the events that lead to the war, including the influences from neighboring nations like China and Russia, Lowe ended the book with a discussion of how, the two separated countries of Korea (North Korea and South Korea) were able to settle their differences and resolved the conflicts despite the war. Clearly, in opposition to the common beliefs of many, the Korean War, had long been blamed upon the South Koreans. But with this book, Lowe discussed the various events that surrounded and led to the war. It clarified the notion that the war between the nations resulted from the influences of other countries. According to Lowe (135), the Korean War, started on April 3, 1948 when the Communist attacked the civilian government that led to the two long years of conflict and more than thirty thousand lives lost. However, Lowe (135) also argued that the conflict reached its peak only on June 25, 1950. From its very title, Peter Lowe tried to prove how the Korean war originated. In this book, Lowe claims that the Korean War was a result of the â€Å"combination of animosity† between the Koreans, the indecisiveness of the Americans and the duplicity of the Russians (Lowe 135). With the intervention of then more powerful nations like the United States an, China and Russia, Korea was left divided in parts as North Korea and South Korea and remained in conflict even after the wars. From Lowe’s narrations and circumstantial evidence, the Korean War was initiated by North Korea and led to what has then been known as â€Å"the ‘forgotten war’ or the ‘war before the Vietnam ’ (Lowe 135). One of the more important parts of the book and explanations by Lowe is the part that considers the Korean War, more of a war caused by the international conflict and more importantly of the Second World War instead of the unstable civil society. The domestic factors, although contributed and facilitated the war, the Korean War is more of a war between non-Koreans than Koreans. Because the Korean war did not only involved the Koreans, but also the United States, Russia and China, Lowe discussed the various claims as to how the war originated by stating how each of these countries, their then leaders, have been involved with Korea and the war. After which, Lowe, as well as his evidence, with how presented the chronology of event that led to the Korean War, that it was in fact the North Koreans that started the attacks. It was however not clear whether the attack was purely of Korean prerogative or based upon influences from any of the other huge nations involved. Lowe’s book on the origin of the Korean War, clearly gave meaningful insights on how the conflict started once and for all. This is very informative especially among Koreans, who, for the past years have not been so eager to know the reasons behind the war. For some time, the Korean War remained in the dark, and surrounded by myths regarding its origin. After the long discussion on the origin of the war, Lowe concluded by sharing how North Korea and South Korea was able to settle the dispute and how eventually the war ended. I agree with Lowe in saying, that even after twenty years in war, the Korean peninsula was reunited, although, it cannot be denied that until today, wounds caused by the war permanently marked with scars the relations between the two nations. Although the violent wars have stopped, it cannot change the fact that it left Korea in agony. Until today, communist movements still persist in the Korean peninsula. The book likewise validates the claim that it was communism that caused the war, and not for some influence or direct orders of attack from other nations like Russia. In fact, just recently, the threats of nuclear war and the debate on the use of nuclear weapons started with the admission that the Koreans are holding nuclear weapons. Korea remained one of the most feared nations, especially when it comes to war and combat. In the book, contradictions are evident. First, Lowe concluded that the North Koreans initiated the Korean War, but, later in his discussion, he also intimated that the Korean War was due to some peripheral hostility from stronger nations like Russia. He only reconciled these opposing claims when he clarified that the attack was initiated by the North, while the pending aggression from outside the peninsula forced and caused for the North Koreans to believe than an attack to the south is the best thing to do. Before this Lowe’s book, the truth about the origins of the Korean War has vaguely been debated on internationally. However, when Lowe published this book, he was able to explain and present pieces of evidence that will discount and strengthening various points in the debate. For example, he discussed the arguments as to the Americans to have provoked the war, same with how the Russians and the Chinese did. The Korean War is one of the vaguely and rarely talked about conflicts. With Lowe’s book, with perspectives from the Americans, the Chinese and the Russians, the Koreans, and more importantly, the readers are apprised of the near truth about the Korean War.

The Crucible: A Masterpiece of Dramatic Writing Essay -- Essay on The

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Crucible provides us with an example of a masterpiece of dramatic writing. In this play Arthur Miller gives us a stimulating example of the use of a variety of theatrical techniques. His most powerful scenes in "The Crucible" have common characteristics: very effective use of stage actions, long build-ups of suspense that come crashing down in thundering climaxes, intense displays of emotion and an abundance of dramatic irony. These are my three chosen scenes: p46-50: "Tituba........Devil!", p98-100: "She thinks.......Oh God" and p101-105: "You will.....Mr Hale!". Because of the importance of these scenes as key moments in the play Miller makes them dramatically superb so that the "No,sir" by Elizabeth that decides the outcome of dozens of lives and of her own and her husband’s, John Proctor is also the climax of the most effective build-up of suspense in the play. The effectivness of these scenes is also enhanced by powerful characters such as John Pr octor and Danforth who display such intensity in their emotions and actions that the audience can not help but be moved. But most of all, these scenes show Miller’s theatrical qualities so that by the end of each of these scenes we not only understand his message but also find ourself convinced by his arguments . The dramatic impact of a play is enhanced when the audience understands all the different aspects of the main characters. It helps them become more involved and at the same time gives the author the chance to display some dramatic irony. Miller uses stage actions to that end in the first chosen scene of "The Crucible". In this scene Tituba’s inner conflict and Hale’s resolution is clearly expressed through the stage actions. Tituba first denies having seen ... ... power. "The Crucible" is considered by many Miller’s masterpiece, it both displays his dramatic and theatrical qualities in such a way as to make it disturbing and socially relevant. In it one can find his views on society as a whole and on current events such as Mccarthyism which similarily to the medieval Church and justice system searched for individuals who by their ideals and ideas they felt threatened the supremacy of their system. Miller made "The Crucible" the starting point for the audience to reflect on their own society and culture. But at the same time Miller polished his deep philosophical work with superb stage directions, likeable characters and nerve-racking suspense. Works Cited Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Fact & Fiction http://www.ogram.org/17thc/crucible.shtml   Miller, Arthur. The Crucible: A Screenplay. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.

Northern Ireland – source related study

1) Source A depicts the job problems that the Catholics faced in Ulster in the 60's. It Shows the employment figures of a variety of different companies, and then tells us how many of these employees are Protestant or Catholic. The first example of the problems faced is at the Belfast shipyard; where there were 10,000 people employed, of which only 400 were Catholic. Considering this was the biggest source of employment in the town, and wasn't exactly a cushy job, you would have expected a much larger number of people working there who were Catholic. However, this was not the case, and was the same everywhere else. In Fermanagh, the county council employed 370 people. Only 48 of these people were Catholic, and none of those people had decent or upper class jobs. This didn't change with bus drivers either. 75 bus drivers were employed in Fermanagh, and only 7 of them were Catholic. And considering that over half of Fermanagh was Catholic, this meant that there would have been a lot of Catholics left without jobs in the city. Therefore, the difficulties faced by Catholics in the 60's were that they were discriminated against by the Protestants. This only shows the job problems they had, but they did face many other daunting problems in the 60's. 2) Source B helps assess the discrimination of Catholics to a certain extent. This is because it is coming from a reliable source. Billy Sinclair used to be the manager of Linfield football club and saw the sort of discrimination he is talking about with his own eyes. The sort of discrimination he is talking about is that if a football scout for a Northern Irish club spots a good young footballer that is from a catholic school, they won't take him on as a player. This is obviously because he is a Catholic, so he wouldn't be accepted in a protestant team. However, this source only comes from one person, and could be helped by being backed up by other people who also manage football clubs, or even from football scouts themselves. Also, source C says that as many protestant people should be in work during times when job opportunities are poor. They would prefer to keep more protestant, unqualified people in work instead of Catholics who could possibly do a better job. This is clear discrimination against the cleverer Catholic people within Ulster. This is a very useful source in assessing the discrimination against Catholics, as it comes from an organisation, rather than just a single person making a statement about the discrimination against young Catholic footballers. 3) The reason that Londonderry became the centre of a civil rights movement was that the Catholics got fed up with the living conditions (as shown in source D) and the voting system in the city. As source D shows, the living conditions were absolutely diabolical. The picture shows an outdoor bath and outhouse, which was very common amongst Catholics houses. However, the Protestants would have had much nicer, indoor bathrooms and toilets, instead of being out in the cold. So that is why the Catholics were fed up with the housing. Also, the way the voting system was set up was biased towards the Protestants. The Catholics were all crammed into one voting area of Londonderry, while the Protestants were spread over two voting areas, meaning that in those two areas, there would be more Protestant votes, meaning more Protestants councillors. The three sources all agree with each other when it comes to talking about the discrimination that the Catholics faced in Ulster. They all show a factor which proves the way that the Catholics were treated. The Catholics within Ulster do get mistreated by the Protestants, even if they are only out of line slightly. The smallest crime could lead to a beating and even a jail sentence, which is how extreme the prejudice is in Ireland. Londonderry became the centre of the civil rights movement in Ireland because it was the main centre of violence in the whole of Eire and Ulster. There was an equal balance of Protestants and Catholics, but there was an un-equal balance in the society. The Protestants always treated the Catholics with prejudice, and never let go of their stronghold over the weaker community. These factors aggravated the Catholics and eventually led them to start up the civil rights movement. After the civil rights movement had started, people from all across Eire and Ulster got involved and were hoping for a united Ireland. 4) In source G, Rev. Ian Paisley said that the IRA and the people who supported it where behind the Civil Rights movement. What he effectively meant was that the Catholics were behind the civil rights movement, which is not the way that Michael Farrell thought about it in source H. He said that there were some Catholics that believed in civil rights, but it was mainly the Protestants that were in charge of the movement. Therefore, he doesn't agree with the way Paisley saw the civil rights movement. However, Source I Does agree with Paisley more than source H. It says that the membership was mostly Catholic, and that the IRA was closely involved in the civil rights movement. However, it does also say that there were Protestants involved, so it doesn't completely agree with the comments made by Paisley. 5) The picture in source J, which was drawn by a Northern Irish political cartoonist, does help portray why the trouble continued into the 90's. It shows five different groups walking around a never-ending staircase which doesn't lead anywhere. Four of the groups (Religion, Politics, Workers and Civilians) are walking up the staircase, working there way up to a better Ireland. However, the other group (the paramilitaries) is walking down the staircase, as they try to cause trouble and want to keep Eire and Ulster separate. They like to stir up the trouble between the Protestants and Catholics and cause riots. The peace process was being lead by Religion, which is why they are at the front of the staircase in the picture. Then the politics follow the Religion as they wanted the fighting and riots to end as it would mean they would get more votes. Then the workers followed the politics as they were drawn in by the things that the governments promised they would do. And the civilians follow the workers as they are mainly their husbands that are working, and the civilians are mainly women and their children. Also, on the side of the wall it has graffiti that says â€Å"REM 1960 ULSTER† which is referring to the Battle of the Boyne. This was obviously when William of Orange and his protestant followers invaded Ireland and took over what is now known as Ulster. This is to remind people that the rift between the Protestants and Catholics still exists because of this event. Another bit of graffiti says â€Å"1916† which refers to the Easter rising on April 24th. There was also the Good Friday agreement of 1998. Sinn Fein was reluctant to sign the document, but in the end gave in. There was an uprising, however, after the document had been signed. This was because it meant that paramilitary prisoners were released. This caused unrest between the two parties, and caused more riots.

Tok Reflection

TOK Reflection One the first lesson of Theory of Knowledge (TOK), we got a booklet called ‘The Nature of knowledge’. This booklet talked about how knowers know, how knowers we should consider a piece of information we get. The booklet suggested that when we get a piece of information we have to judge it on whether it is the truth and whether we should believe it. Just believing in the piece of information is not enough because you need a justification. Second-hand knowledge, cultural tradition, school, Internet, and expert opinion can obtain the justification.Further continuing the studies of TOK, we found out more about the subject, starting with the ways of knowing. The four types of ways of knowing are reason and logic, emotion, sense perception, and language. For the first quarter we have focused on Sense Perception. In sense perception we focused on the 6 senses, which are: touch, sight, smell, hearing, taste, proprioception. During one of these lessons, we conducte d an interesting survey of which sense would you as a person would be willing to live without. The results show that most of the class would be willing to live without the sense of smell.In relation to the topic of what people believe in, we made a list of things people believe to be true. Using this list we made a ranking of how many people would have to see it for you to believe in it as well or you would actually have to see it for yourself before you believe it. We have watched quite a few documentaries in the quarter. In my opinion the documentary about the guy using echolocation to ride a bike, was one of the most fascinating things I have seen. I find this interesting because even with his disadvantage of being blind, he has somehow found an alternative method to move about and do normal things in life.This video relates to the topic we were currently studying which was sense perception. It shows us how important our senses are and that there are people who can live without o ne of their senses. People can use one of their alternative senses instead when they can’t use one of their senses. I think the sense of sight is one of the most important senses because you need sight to do almost everything and the fact that this guy can live without it amazes me. Another documentary that we watched, was when they tried out an experiment on a few willing people.The experiment was to block out the sense of sight for a certain amount of time and monitor the reactions of people over a certain period of time. At the same time, another group of willing people were chosen to have blocked out the sense of touch, sight, and sound. From this experiment I learned that many people get agitated very easily because they have don’t have a sense. The people with the sense of sight, touch, and sound just remained lying on the bed as they couldn’t feel anything therefore they did not know where they would be going if they moved.One of the first documentaries w e watched was about optical illusions. The questions we were focusing on were ‘Under what circumstances should I trust my senses’ and ‘under what circumstances should I doubt my senses’. From that video I learned that the circumstances when we should trust our senses is to think whether foo is rotten or not, whether or not to use your eyes to navigate, and touching hot or sharp objects. The circumstances that you should doubt your senses is when there are mirages, optical illusions, during a magic show, under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol.The latest documentary that we watched was about the new topic that we started for quarter 2 which is Language. This documentary talked about all the different signs and actions that people do in various cultures and what they mean. For example, one of the actions that Indian people are prone to do is the shaking of the head from side to side. This action means a yes in the Indian culture but to people who have nev er seen this actions before it look like a mixture of a yes and a no, like a maybe sign.This video was interesting because some of the normal signs we show such as the good luck sign, with the thumb pointing outwards, mean different things in different areas and cultures in the world. The many documentaries we watched helped me learn better and I think I have learned the most out of them mostly because I am a visual learner. On lessons when we didn’t watched movies, we had a lot of discussions within the class. These discussions were about how to know what were are seeing is true, and how to believe what to see.During one of the lessons we had a note taking session about sense perception. This was a slideshow that talked to us about what sense perception is and how it is influenced. I learned that sense perception is influenced by past experiences, which can condition you to expect certain things. Since it is influence by the past you may than see what you expect to see, rath er than what is really there. Your sense perception can be influenced by your social and cultural conditioning, which may give you certain prejudices.I can also be influenced by you spatial awareness, which will try to relate shapes to patterns with which you’re already familiar. It is influence by your biological limitations, which prevent you from hearing certain sounds or tasting certain chemicals. It can also be influenced by what you already know and how your brain already works. Perception may make you see what is not there and is affected when the brain filters out signals in order to prevent overload. Perception is affect by your self-perception, which makes you interpret information in relation to your self-image.I don’t think this presentation helped me learn that much, as it didn’t give me any examples and was more of information that we need to learn. The last thing that we did was the presentation. This presentation was on a topic of our choice and we had create a Knowledge issue, research about a real life situation and come up with economical, educational, moral, religious, and social views about our topic. This presentation is really helpful because it will be similar to the final one we do to gain the 3 bonus points in IB.

Congressional Profile essays

Congressional Profile essays In these troubling times we turn to Congress to answer much of the political uncertainty that is presented to us on our TV screens every night. In order for us to understand what Congress is doing we must first understand the people who represent us in Congress. The Congressional profile is extremely interesting. We have 100 Senators and 435 Representatives who come from all aspects of life. The Democratic Party is the majority party in the Senate and holds 50 seats. The Republican party is the minority in the Senate and holds 49 seats. The only other party represented in the Senate is the Independent party1. Out of all of the Democrats in the Senate 40 are men and 10 are women. And out of all of the Republicans in the Senate 45 are men and 3 are women2. This disproportionate number of male senators to female senators is amazing considering the number of women in politics. The one member of the Independent Party, Senator James Jeffords of Vermont, caucuses with the Democratic Party, thus giving the Democrats the majority in the Senate3. Minorities in the senate are also underrepresented. There are three Asian-American senators: Daniel K. Inouye (D-Hawaii) and Daniel K. Akaka (D-Hawaii). There is one Native American Senator, Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-Colorado)4. It is interesting to note that the only Asian American senators are from Hawaii. It also interesting to note that, despite the fact that they are the largest minorities in the US, there are no African American or Hispanics senators5. Women are also underrepresented in the Senate. There are 13 total senators, 3 Republican and 10 Democrat. The three Republican senators are Kay Bailey Hutchison of Texas, Olympia Jean Snowe of Maine, and Susan Collins of Maine. The 10 Democratic senators are Barbara Mikulski of Maryland, Dianne Feinstein of California, Barbara Boxer of California, Patty Murray of Washington, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana, Blanche Lincoln of...

5 Simple Ways to Building a Great Reputation at Work

5 Simple Ways to Building a Great Reputation at Work Your good reputation is something you should start to cultivate right out of the gate in your first job, and continue to build and protect throughout your career. The better your reputation, the easier it will be for you to move up and keep going in the direction of your dreams. Here are  5 simple ways to building a great reputation at work so you can continue to cultivate your reputation and move up in the world.1. Earn before you askYou know you’re going to do good work and be an asset. You also know you’re going to need to ask for a favor now and then- some PTO, an extra privilege. Have a bit of patience and wait to ask for these perks until you’ve really proven yourself. Show your reliability and don’t ask for anything until you’ve earned it. Down the line, you’ll find you have much more leeway.2. Take initiativeTackle that big project without being asked to do so first. You won’t always get specific assignments, and you certainl y won’t get graded feedback. Think beyond your immediate to-do list and figure out what you could do to help the company- and yourself grow. Sometimes this is as simple as cleaning out the supply closet and earning a few brownie points.3. Be tactfulEven when you’re right, it’s best to couch your opinions with a bit of politicking and humility. Wait to bluster around until you’ve earned that position with battle-tested experience. At the beginning at least, be tactful and try not to come off as an insufferable know-it-all.4. Keep work first with work friendsSome of your best adulthood friends will be friends you make in the workplace. But keep in mind that, at least while you work together, these are professional relationships first and foremost. Even if the company seems totally close-knit, don’t leap into intimate secret telling too quickly. Let it happen naturally. Keep your cards a bit closer to your chest until you’re on more solid groun d.5. Get it doneAsking for help and getting clarifying instructions from your supervisor is a great idea, particularly in your first few weeks, and particularly when you’re still learning the ropes. But after a certain amount of time, you need to learn when to just figure it out and get it done, rather than running to your boss. Remember, they hired you to do the job, not so they could hold your hand.

To What Extent are Single Mothers a Drag on Society Essay

To What Extent are Single Mothers a Drag on Society - Essay Example This has been mainly because of the fact that a large number of single mothers also have to work to earn a living for their children and despite having jobs, it has been found that it is still difficult for them to make ends meet. Â  Studies that have been conducted in recent years have shown that the presence of a father in a child’s life is extremely important in ensuring that they develop in a proper environment where they feel safe. However, the lack of paternal presence in the lives of children can be very difficult for these children and it has been found that a large number of children brought up by single mothers end up being delinquents. This is mainly because of the fact that many mothers are often out working in order to make ends meet and because they have no partner to spend time with the children and guide them when they are away, it creates a situation where children come into the influence of their peers (Son & Bauer, 2010). The result is that a large number of children end up getting involved in drug abuse and crime from an early age and this is because of the mental deficiency that comes about because of the lack of one parent. While it is highly commendable for single mothers to work hard to support their children, this is often also counterproductive because they spend too much time from their children, ensuring that there is a lack of communication between them (Christopher, England, Smeeding & Katherin, 2002). This is where the presence of a father is important because even though both parents may work, at least one of them will be able to spare time to spend with the children and this makes it possible for the children to appreciate their presence. In addition, the presence of two working parents ensures that there is more income for the family, resulting in less need to work long hours to make ends meet.

Case 5-3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case 5-3 - Assignment Example After inspecting the roof, Joel requested Don to seal a deal that would see Joel’s company replace Don’s roof. The author describes this technique in chapter 16 and its efficiency in promoting sales. Joel’s use of the foot-in-the-door technique may be considered as manipulative because he begins by proposing a small request to Don, which he is sure that Don cannot decline. Don is committed to maintaining his home and he would benefit immensely from the inspection of his roof by an expert. Therefore, he easily gives into Joel’s request. However, Joel utilizes Don’s compliance to manipulate him further so that they can discuss the roof’s condition and that he may introduce his company’s offer. Without a doubt, Joel calculates his moves effectively to ensure that Don easily closes the deal allowing the company to replace his roof (p. 342). Without a doubt, Joel uses the technique to evoke the emotions of Don a factor that may contribute to him accepting the offer blindly. As Chapter 16 highlights, manipulative sales representatives are more likely to use this technique. Chapter 16 gives attention to vulnerable consumers, but highlights that the vulnerability of consumers may be defined in various ways. The chapter reveals that elderly consumers are more likely to exhibit high levels of vulnerability, which is exploited by sales representatives. If a sales representatives recognizes that a consumer is vulnerable, he or she takes the advantage of such vulnerability and influences their purchasing decisions. From a superficial point of view Don seems to be a vulnerable consumer because of the value he attaches to his home and the commitment he has to maintain his home in perfect condition (p. 343). However, a deeper analysis of the situation reveals that he has little knowledge about roofing and that he is unable to inspect his roof regularly. His lack of sufficient knowledge about Roofing serves as a point of vulnerability. However,

Juvenile's Competance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile's Competance - Essay Example Overall, the sample size consisted of 927 adolescents in juvenile detention facilities and community settings who were compared to 466 young adults in jails and in the community. There were four sites selected also using the criteria mentioned above. Two evaluation methods, which have their own focus, were used in the study. To assess criminal defendant's abilities to participate in their defense, the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT12CA) was used. The instrument's items included Understanding, Reasoning and Appreciation where their answers are scored according to a set of criteria established by the authors of the instrument. Although the instrument has been successfully applied in determining the competency of adults to participate in their trial and is widely used by forensic mental health professionals, this was the first time it was used on youths. Since this is the case, we may very well speculate that the tool may produce flawed results. The second method was the MacArthur Judgment Evaluation (MacJEN) used to examine the existence and degree of judgment immaturity especially the potential relation between immaturity and choices that defendants make in the course of adjudication.

What Problems Face Historians History Essay

What Problems Face Historians History Essay History may be the past but the reflections on that past and the different mediums that inform and shape us about the past must be examined for their veracity and usefulness. These documents and sources present the historian with many problems as they are often used as a cumulative examination of a period under study. Yet what are the difficulties that are inherent in these sources and testimonies. Both primary and secondary sources contain pitfalls that can trap and blind the historian in his pursuit of historical accuracy. The veracity of the particular source, the motives behind the source and the origins of the evidence are all concerns for the historian. In conjunction with these problems can be the temptation to subsume personal and contemporary reports and evidence for the purposes of a grander and more wide-ranging historical narrative. Hew Strachan believes that hindsight can disfigure and reduce the essence of history. Hindsight refers to the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened  [i]  1and Strachan believes that this can imbue the historian with an arrogant view of those who did not see the bigger picture or understand the deeper motives behind historical events. Does this have some truth and if so can it distort history to such a degree that it almost erases the individual struggle or achievement? Or does this problem exist merely within a wider spectrum of historical concerns? History must be about balance so is a merging of both the personal and the panoramic possible? Strachan writes that hindsight distorts history through fostering arrogance. In his book The First World War he talks of the fact that just because other ideas and ideologies seem foreign to us, this does not deny their charge for those who went to war in 1914  [ii]  so therefore this muting of the past does not push us to understand it merely obfuscates the truth. Yet what is history, but an attempt to see the grander picture and how ideas fit into individual histories and testimonies. The primary sources that are around for historical examination bring with them not just their face value but an attempt to recreate the conceits and facets behind them. In 1946 Ellen Hammer wrote in an article on Americas relations with the Vichy government that throughout the war information filtered into neutral capitals but only on the spot sources could report with any authority  [iii]  , but just how problematic are these on the spot accounts? It is certainly true that primary sources retain an immediacy and relevance that is difficult to ignore. It is through letters, diaries and newspapers that we have built up much of our knowledge of the First World War. Without these sources we would be dependent on fractious second-hand testimony or oral traditions resplendent with hyperbole. For the historian it is necessary to look at the facts behind the facts. The researcher must certainly avail himself of hindsight and retrospection but must not allow themselves to become victims of them. Isaac Deutscher wrote that the historian deals with fixed and irreversible patterns of events; all weapons have already been fired  [iv]  and as the historical inquiry gathers pace the historian is aware that he is surveying a spent battlefield but how accurate are the bullets he has examined? There is perhaps nothing more alive in the consciousness of Europe than the concerted attempt to exterminate European Jewry by the Nazis during the Second World War. According to Gilbert in his study of the subject merely to give witness by ones own testimony was, in the end, to contribute to a moral victory. Simply to survive was a victory  [v]  and it is a testament to the human condition that so many survived. These terrible events have continued to be explored in witness accounts and literature and another event that has been extensively written about has been the Great or First World War. The last remaining survivor of that conflagration recently passed away so now that the survivors have died out and can no longer contribute to their own victories, will future generations have their knowledge shaped by hindsight and retrospection when it comes to those times? It is important to note that both hindsight and retrospection can give us many valuable lessons on historical experience. Dr Johnson wrote that when a design has ended in marriage or success, when every eye and every ear is witness to general discontent or general satisfaction, it is then a proper time to disentangle confusion and illustrate obscurity  [vi]  2and it is within this statement that a major part of the rationale behind history can be identified. Although the canvas of history is vast, the minutiae helps build up the overall picture and hence hindsight aids that process as well as retrospection. There are certain elements in any event that are not known and cannot possibly be known at the time of the event. At the end of the Great War who could have known that the aftermath would provide the bedrock for the Soviet Union and force a reluctant United States onto the world stage  [vii]  but these were the consequences of that conflict, although not recognized in thei r scope at the time. The problem that the historian faces is that this knowledge can give special onus to events that had none and rob other events of their posterity. However, how can we disentangle and illustrate without letting individual values and beliefs, perhaps vastly removed from those we are studying, intrude on the historians research? This is what Strachan talks of when he mentions the disadvantages of hindsight. Kenneth Baker writes that memory plays tricks with the past, events are sometimes remembered only in part  [viii]  3and in todays contemporary media saturated society, it may seem strange to consider just how diverse and varied accounts of the past were. Yet this removal from the events that unfolded can give us, real and imagined distance, between the understanding and interpretation. The two biggest conflagrations of the twentieth century, both World Wars, are probably two of the most written about subjects in history. Their respective arcs spanned the globe and brought devastation and change to many aspects of peoples lives. However, their documenting and recording throw up countless testimonies and accounts of those times which are not always possible to examine with straight forward simplicity. One of the first problems that the historian is presented with is the sheer dearth of material that is available. Fest writes that once in a while it is necessary for the chronicler to put aside his magnifying glass. For the way things fit together has a significance of its own and can give us information that no mere examination of details can  [ix]  but this chronicle involves thousands upon thousands of minute details that are its integral parts. The motivations and recollections of those at the time as well as their possessions and other sources can easily be brushed aside as hindsight condemns them to the undergrowth of history. After Austria-Hungarys declaration of war on Serbia, accounts have been written of the jubilation that greeted the announcement. The joy and euphoria may have been real but despite the later disillusionment with the war, this does not mean we can learn nothing from that day. These testimonies are still valid and tell us more about attitudes to war th an about the war itself. The temptation for the historian is to conclude that the destruction of WW1 shows how the enthusiasm evaporated but up until the very end, there were those who embraced the war. Adolf Hitler, then an obscure corporal speaks of the war years as the greatest and most unforgettable time of my earthly existence  [x]  but despite what we know about Hitlers later life and his absent moral compass, this testimony is still relevant because of its immediacy. The combination of personal and professional in the recollections and remembrances of participants can add interesting texture and nuance to historical investigation. Strachan writes in his book on the Great War about Conrad Von Hotzendorff, the Austrian Chief of the General Staff and of how Hotzendorff was in love with a married woman. Hotzendorff saw a triumphant return from the battlefield as an integral part of gaining acceptability for this relationship and Strachan writes that Conrads response to Franz Ferdinands assassination was more visceral than rational  [xi]  . This highlights an important problem when dealing with sources. The actions and motivations of participants can seem indicative of one course of action but this motivation can contain a number of individual facets and aims. As well as the difficulty of gleaning motive, testimonies and documents of the period can fall victim to retrospective thinking. The particular feelings and emotions of a person can undergo transformation as time flows and if that particular person is not around at that moment, then the historians interpretation could be colored by emotions that only resurfaced at a present time. The human condition is so multi-faceted that it constantly fluctuates and seeks to change into a particular set of perceptions that are prevalent at the time. The actions and thoughts of individuals also present problems when constructing historical timelines as they are often belied by diplomatic effort and political reflection. Strachan again writes of the events leading up to the Great War that the experience of earlier crises had conditioned statesman to put events in the broader context of European international relations  [xii]  and this goes in tandem with subjective testimonies related by individuals or groups. Richard J Evans argues that the historians questions should be formulated not by some present theory but from the historical sources themselves  [xiii]  which leads to the observation that whose history is being recorded? The emphasis on high politics and political history has a tendency to negate the other factors that can determine events. In the case of primary sources, the testimonies of survivors can be brushed off as subjective ruminations that incorporate too much personal experience. It is the major players in the games of politics and power, the elite, which therefore can and must be relied on because they are the ones who were in the driving seat. This rationale takes on the very characteristics of the people it reveres as it reduces history to an elite club of statesmen and hierarchies whose actions were the engine in world history. Yet a solitary emphasis on the actions of the people or social history can be just as exclusivist. Much of the writing on the First World War concerns the massive loss of life during the military campaigns of The Somme and Ypres and in this sense it can give a picture of an event being merely the sum of its battles and military maneuvers. Yet Strachan writes of the Home Front that at the end of 1917, the British people were desperately tired  [xiv]  and Gilbert observes all over Europe, and in every country that had sent men to fight in Europe, the memorials to those who had been killed were being designed and put in place  [xv]  so any reliance on one type of source of history can in Johnsons words obfuscate and hide the greater picture. The reason for statements and articulations also have to be taken into account when considering historical evidence and never more so than when considered in a war situation. The Great War threw up some such examples of this practice. It is natural in wartime to seek to demonstrate how much of a threat the enemy is. Strachan uses this example in his book citing the Governor of Bosnia in 1914 as saying of the Serbs that towards such a population all humanity and all kindness are out of place  [xvi]  and this can be contrasted with Hitlers utterances to his Generals during the Second World War regarding the Russians and Jews. Propaganda and the uses that particular pieces of testimony were created for can create an obstacle in tackling historical sources. Stanley Weintraub writes in his book Silent Night, which deals with the Christmas truce of 1914 that for rival governments, for which war was politics conducted by persuasive force, it was imperative to make even temporary peace unappealing and workable  [xvii]  which for todays Western governments seems even more callous than war itself. Politicians of all persuasions unite to cite how this episode was a call to arms for us all and how in the madness of war, sanity was temporarily regained. This is in itself an example of both hindsight and retrospection. The ideals that were being fought for during that war were those of liberalism against force, freedom versus tyranny and since those ideas have been won for a majority of the world, it is seen as an episode of hope amidst war. This may be true but it was these exact governments that frowned upon this truce at the time and now in retrospect see its benefits. Thus, in some measure history can be distorted. Weintraub goes on to write that this impromptu truce seemed dangerously akin to the populist politics of the streets, the spontaneous movements that topple tyrants and autocrats  [xviii]  and one does not need to go far to see just how Strachan might be right in writing of hindsight as arrogance. The not too distant past saw a sitting government ignore the protests and cries of its people during the recent Iraq debacle. Once again it seems that the lessons of history are that those in power know best. It is important to remember that much of the sources that we have from the end of World War One were from captured documents but most importantly from the views of the Allies themselves, the victors. In such an environment it is possible for particular viewpoints to emerge that reinforce such origins. Wohlsetter writes that after the crisis, memories fade and recriminations take their place  [xix]  and this underscores much of what we know of our own history. The aftermath of both wars saw the division of Europe into different spheres of interest and thus once again the victors to an extent dictated the course of history. This use of sources could take place within the sphere of Eurocentrism. Nordenbo describes this as an historical point of view which perceives modernity, first and foremost as a unique modern European invention  [xx]  , a construct which sees the West as the leader in civilization and invention and the rest of the world as a kind of other. This Europe appears to non-Europeans as a land of milk and honey, a promised land and certainly contains the seeds of a European hegemonic system. Edward Said writes in his thesis Orientalism about the construction of this other. It is contained in Marxs maxim that they cannot represent themselves, so they must be represented and Said argues that to the West, the Orient is an other-worldly realm peopled by exotic, hedonistic infidels  [xxi]  and though dealing with the Orient this can be transposed to the examination of sources. It is possible because of the difficulty of obtaining documents in many places to merely stereotype and generalize using Western maxims and rationales. The problems of translation from other languages can also impede investigation and again ties in with this idea of Eurocentrism, that English lexicons and idioms are the natural record of history. To maintain this thought system is to deliver an irrevocable blow to the historical mindset. Hindsight also relies on the process of causation. This links a series of causes and sketches a rough timeline between events. This can blur the line between reality and impression. It is sometimes asserted that the Treaty of Versailles and its perceived harshness was instrumental in causing the Second World War. This was not the only factor and its overall impact can be negated. Several other factors must be considered, such as Hitlers own personal bent and drive, the expansionist drive of the German military and political elite and the notion of a Messianic savior, a Strong Man, destined to lead Germany to greatness. It is possible to agree with Strachan that hindsight does breed arrogance. The ideas and realities of contemporary life are quite removed from the realities of yesteryear. It is the job of the historian to make sense of these past times and draw conclusions and lessons from them. This can be problematic as the sources are as rich and varied as the events that shaped them. There is arrogance in history, people find it hard to laud and identify people who gave themselves for ideals and causes, and hence label them with contemporary judgments However just as hindsight does not give us the complete picture, so not all historical investigation is tainted by this thinking. The problems and difficulties of looking at sources are myriad and sometimes frustrating but only through careful sifting and collaboration of method can we attain that knowledge of the past that so informs the historians rumination on the present.